Colonel Kesri Singh, in one of his books (One Man and a Thousand Tigers published in 1959), mentions Nathu Bawariya, a traditional tribal hunter from Ranthambhore, who aided him in tracking a “troublesome tiger”, and apprised him in detail , of the purported medicinal benefits of different kinds of bushmeat. This is the first instance of a traditional hunting tribal being written about in the same context as Ranthambhore and it’s tigers. Whilst mentioning him, Col. Kesri Singh also described the long history of Nathu’s tribe in Ranthambhore, and their unparalleled knowledge of wildlife and junglecraft.
It was perhaps with Col. Singh’s assistance (he did manage the Shikarkhana of the erstwhile princely state of Jaipur after all), that Nathu’s son Mukan was employed in Ranthambhore as a forest guard. Mukan was quite possibly the first Bawariya to directly join the mainstream by working for a government agency. However, steady employment and accountability still being relatively alien concepts, Mukan eventually ‘sold’ this job for a pittance. For just a few rupees, Mukan had the paperwork of his government job changed, and handed them over to an opportunistic local. The latter was in fact, a wily upper caste man from the same village named Kajod Singh. However, whilst employed as a forest guard, Mukan curiously started using the surname ‘Mogiya’, instead of ‘Bawariya’, the name of his father’s tribe. There is a long and complex history behind this change.
Mukan Mogiya jubilantly dancing at a community wedding celebration (Photo: Dr. Dharmendra Khandal)
Although ‘Mogiya’ and ‘Bawariya’ refer to the same community, there are many painful secrets and fascinating stories behind the use of these two names, which are buried only in the hearts of the people of this tribe. The use of these names has historically been dependent on government policy.
The British Raj, under the Criminal Tribes Act – 1871, placed 12 communities in Rajasthan on the list of criminal tribes – Mina, Bhil, Bajaria, Kanjar, Sansi, Banjara, Bagaria, Nat, Nalak, Multani, Bhat and Mogiya. It is said that the Kingdom of Mewar (Udaipur) first gave the name ‘Mogiya’ to select Bawariya tribesmen. This is because some Bawariya tribesmen assisted the ruling house in quelling an insurrection led by Bhils or Minas (there are differing accounts). The Mogiyas were thus considered close to the ruling house of Mewar. According to George Whitty Gayer’s 1909 book, Lectures on some criminal tribes of India and religious mendicants, the Maharaja of Mewar declared in a durbar that the loyal Bawariya tribesmen, “were to him as precious as the Moongas i.e. coral beads of his necklace”, and the same select tribesmen were then referred to first as ‘Moongias’, and then later ‘Mogiyas’.
Mukan and his family (Photo: Dr. Dharmendra Khandal)
Following their listing as one of the ‘criminal tribes’ under the Criminal Tribes Act – 1871, the young men of this tribe began using the surname ‘Mogiya’, in order to avoid facing the brunt of this discriminatory law. Around 1947, there were 127 tribes that the British kept under the ambit of this draconian law. Back then, the population of these tribes would have been approximately 1 crore 30 lakh (13 million). Stories of the indignities this law subjected these communities to are eye-opening, for example, the men were compelled to report to the nearest police station every week to register their presence, and if they were found outside of their designated areas, the full force of the law was brought down upon them.
India is a unique country with several castes, communities and creeds. Almost every individual is confined to the boundaries created by these divisions in different ways. At present, such identities are assumed at birth. These identities may have once been related to occupation, which were first hereditary, and then evolved into distinct identity groups altogether.
In 1952, on the recommendation of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), India finally emancipated these 127 tribes from an outdated colonial schedule, and they were henceforth known as ‘Denotified Tribes’. However, it was quite like scraping the top layer off a glued sticker, for there is still some sticky residue at the bottom that is very difficult to get rid off.
Mukan’s son, Bhajan Mogiya, a reformed tiger poacher (Photo: Dr. Dharmendra Khandal)
Mukan Mogiya’s family has a rather unique association with Tiger Watch Ranthambore. While one of his sons Govind served on our anti-poaching unit, our organization also caught two of his other sons, Kalu and Bhajan for poaching tigers and leopards, in collaborative anti-poaching operations with the Rajasthan Police. At the same time, 15 children from this family have been educated in our Mogiya Education Program (MEP), a relationship which continues to this day.
It was one of these children, an older boy, who suddenly declared one day that if he got some money, he intended to change his surname from ‘Mogiya’ to ‘Bawariya’. I thought that this might be an effort at self-respect or individualism, but on the contrary, he responded that Mogiyas belong to the ‘Backward Classes’ (OBC) whereas Bawariyas are included in the ‘Scheduled Castes’ (SC) and are thus given greater priority when it came to free rations, education and employment. Therefore, reverting to ‘Bawariya’ two generations later was a beneficial move. He thus reverted to his great-grandfather’s surname and identity, by bribing a local government official with a mere Rs. 2500. Today, most of the children enrolled in the MEP have started using the surname ‘Bawariya’ again instead of ‘Mogiya’.
It is ironic that whilst people in villages do not distinguish between ‘Bawariya’ and ‘Mogiya’, the government considers them two distinct identities. In the recent past, researchers from the Anthropological Survey of India came to Tiger Watch to study the Mogiyas, believing them to be a distinct tribe they had ignored till now.
Bhajan’s son, Dilkush Bawariya. The 4th generation since Nathu Bawariya, and the first to receive a formal education. The Mogiya Education Programme (MEP) has been consistently supported by Sud-Chemie Pvt. Ltd. (Mr. Iskander Laljee) (Photo: Dr. Dharmendra Khandal)
In our 15 year experience of operating the Mogiya Education Programme, which included a dormitory before the onset of COVID 19, it became evident on many an occasion, that not only are the Mogiyas looked down upon by upper castes, but they are also looked down upon by communitites considered a part of Dalit society ( such as the Bairwas etc.) Equally revealing was how some Mogiya students refused to eat, drink, and live with students from similar communities such as the Kalbelias and Bhopas, whom they considered untouchable. Today there are 352 nomadic and denotified tribes in the country, whose population is approximately 10-11 crores, they struggle to stay connected with their traditions, and are disenfranchised. The government is making an effort, however, all that is required for such tremendous change is not easily available in this resource-deficient country. Yet, where else can one get their community identity changed for a paltry sum of 2500 rupees?
Fortunately for the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve’s wildlife, the younger generations of Nathu Bawariya’s family have now forgotten their traditional hunting skills, and acquired a formal education, along with identity certificates as a result of a cleverness far more reminiscent of their grandfather’s nemesis Kajod Singh. Today, they will not be duped by opportunistic locals, but in all likelihood, will make the government dizzy.
This article is based on factual information, and personal observations of 4 generations of a Bawariya/Mogiya family in the vicinity of the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve.
References:
Raj and Born Criminals Crime, gender, and sexuality in criminal prosecutions, by Louis A. Knafla. Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0-313-31013-0. Page 124
Draft List of Denotified Tribes, Nomadic tribes and Semi-nomadic tribes in India. Government of Rajasthan. National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-nomadic tribes – Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
Lectures on some criminal tribes of India and religious mendicants By George Whitty Gayer. Published in Nagpur – 1909
Authors:
Dr. Dharmendra Khandal (L) has worked as a conservation biologist with Tiger Watch – a non-profit organisation based in Ranthambhore, for the last 16 years. He spearheads all anti-poaching, community-based conservation and exploration interventions for the organisation.
Mr. Ishan Dhar (R) is a researcher of political science in a think tank. He has been associated with Tiger Watch’s conservation interventions in his capacity as a member of the board of directors.
Colonel Kesri Singh, the famed tiger hunter from Rajasthan wrote that when the Maharaja of Datia (Madhya Pradesh), Gobind Sinh arrived in Gwalior to for a hunt, there was very little time for preparation, and he hurriedly consulted his men in the state shikarkhana for any information on tigers in the area. He learnt that a tiger had hunted a cow in a nearby village. Upon investigation, he learnt to his consternation, that the kill was lying out in the open and that there was no feasible location to erect a machan. Kesri Singh ji then decided to erect a machan on a banyan tree 500 metres away from the cattle kill site and had a domestic pig tied to bait the tiger. However, the pig was not the only lure for the tiger, he also relied on a rather curious plant. They believed that the aroma of this particular plant would attract the tiger ! The plant was the jatamansi or Indian Spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi). Today, this plant species is critically endangered, and therefore quite ironically, in far greater peril than the tiger.
To lure the tiger, Kesri Singh ji had two sacks filled with this plant, soaked them in water, tied them up and handed them to two members of his hunting staff. The two men were then ordered to drag the wet jatamansi filled sacks for 500 yards on two different routes, both of which eventually led to the banyan tree with the machan, in order to leave two strong scent trails. Kesri Singh ji believed that the scent was very similar to that of a tigress, and would prove irresistible to the tiger.
Jatamansi or Nardostachys jatamansi
This unconventional method proved successful, and at 9 pm, the tiger appeared before their machan following one of the scent trails and was shot.
In more recent times, when a tigress in Maharashtra was believed to have killed dozens of people, forest officials were spraying a specific cologne in the forest in the hope of locating her. You must think that this is quite a strange way to locate a tigress, however this method is not novel at all and has been used on big cats all over the world. South American biologists have resorted to this method to lure jaguars to camera trapping sites. Researchers also employ this method under special circumstances, such as when a tiger strays outside of a protected area. The cologne of choice for such an endeavour is usually made by the brand Calvin Klein, and contains.a special kind of pheromone called civetone. Civetone was traditionally procured from the glands of members of the civet and badger families. Today, it is produced synthetically. In the past, the secretion of badger glands was the main component for perfumes.
The Bronx Zoo collected data on their tigers’ reactions to a variety of colognes and perfumes. They reported that the tigers spent 11.1 minutes smelling Calvin Klein’s Obsession for Men, 10.4 minutes smelling Ricci’s L’Air du Smells Temps, and spent a measly 2-15 seconds on other brands.
A tiger will spray urine on the most prominent tree on a pathway or choose a tree that is leaning into a pathway. (Photo: Dr. Dharmendra Khandal)
Tigers scent mark trees and stones with their urine sprays and various glands to mark their territories. While the smell itself is relatively mild, it is dissolved in an oily substance (lipid), which sends a message to other tigers for several days, communicating which tiger the territory belongs to and what condition it is in. The choice of location to scent mark is such that it remains for several days and is not washed away by the rain. Often, a tiger will spray urine on the most prominent tree on a pathway or choose a tree that is leaning into a pathway. Raindrops will not be able to easily wash away the scent mark on a tree that is leaning in such a manner, and there is also a much larger surface area to spray urine on. If you look up photographs of tigers urine scent marking on the internet, you will find most photographs will be of tigers spraying urine on trees leaning into pathways. Tigers also avoid urine scent marking trees which contain resin, for their scent will get overpowered by the strong smell of resin.
A chemical called 2 acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is found in tiger urine. Interestingly, this chemical is also formed when bread, basmati rice or even a roti , is put on an open flame and turns brown. Just as the actions and attributes of different kinds of flora and fauna are similar in nature, such is the case with chemicals. Thus rather curiously, tigers and other cats are also attracted by a solution prepared from the placenta of the American bobcat. In 2017, senior forest official Sh. Gobind Sagar Bhardwaj and his team adroitly lured a subadult male tiger to a specific location using the urine of a tigress, in order to capture and release it to a safer area in Sariska Tiger Reserve. The urine itself was procured from a tigress in a zoo for this unique intervention.
Therefore, this method has historically been used to put tigers in mortal danger, but in recent times has been used to protect them.
Authors:
Dr. Dharmendra Khandal (L) has worked as a conservation biologist with Tiger Watch – a non-profit organisation based in Ranthambhore, for the last 16 years. He spearheads all anti-poaching, community-based conservation and exploration interventions for the organisation.
Mr. Ishan Dhar (R) is a researcher of political science in a think tank. He has been associated with Tiger Watch’s conservation interventions in his capacity as a member of the board of directors.
We can decipher some truly ingenious ways of saving tigers from the archaic world of antiquated hunting methods. One such method is brought to light in the writings of Col. Kesri Singh ji, the famous hunter from Rajasthan.
Col. Kesri Singh was an expert in his craft, and spent years managing the Shikarkhanas of the erstwhile princely states of Jaipur and Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh). The context of that era was very different, hunting tigers and leopards was recognized both by law and societal norms of those states. Therefore, to view such historical episodes with a jaundiced eye would not be correct. Kesri Singh ji has written many books in which he has elaborated on the nuances of tiger hunting in great detail through his own personal experiences. Many of these nuances are still relevant, and can be effectively repurposed to serve the cause of tiger conservation.
His book Hints on Tiger Shooting, published in 1965, includes an account from Band Baretha (Bharatpur district, Rajasthan), where he described how his friend was able to momentarily stop a tiger in its tracks just long enough to be able to shoot it with relative ease.
Maharaja Kishan Singh ji
Kesri Singh ji writes that he and Maharaja Kishan Singh ji of Bharatpur were school friends. Both attended Mayo College in Ajmer. Kishan Singh ji was known to invent ‘new methods’ for given tasks very often. Kesri Singh ji also adds that he had not personally witnessed the tiger hunting method employed by his friend in Band Baretha, perhaps he would not have been so inclined to consider it reliable. Kishan Singh ji is also remembered as a social reformer of his time, and is the grandfather of Sh. Vishvendra Singh, a well known politician in Rajasthan and great-grandfather of young Sh. Anirudh Singh, also a politician. Baretha currently has the status of a wildlife sanctuary and is known as Band Baretha Wildlife Sanctuary. However, Baretha was recently in the news because the Rajasthan Government separated a large part of the sanctuary in order to be able to mine stones for the construction of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya.
Bandh Bareth Wildlife Sanctuary (Photo: Dr. Satya Prakash Mehra)
One of the most popular methods of tiger hunting in those days was beating. A beat entailed beaters following a tiger in a ‘U’ shaped formation all the while making an ungodly racket, thus funneling the frightened tiger towards a predetermined spot where the hunter, already waiting on a machan, could easily shoot it . While the machan itself was usually concealed, the spot the tiger was driven to before the machan was open ground devoid of any cover or concealment. However, at times the tiger would often arrive so fast that if the hunter was not prepared to shoot it at that precise moment, the entire arduous process had to be repeated again.
Bandh Bareth Wildlife Sanctuary (Photo: Dr. Satya Prakash Mehra)
Kesri Singh ji writes that as soon as the tiger arrived on open ground before the machan in Bandh Bareta, the tiger paused and was trying to get something off its paws ! This gave the hunter in the machan just the right amount of time to hunt the tiger with a well aimed shot.
Flies stuck to flypaper
Upon enquiry, Kishan Singh ji explained how he had flypaper placed i.e. paper with adhesive material on one side used to catch flies and insects, on the path the tiger was to take, so that when the tiger trod on the adhesive paper, pieces of the paper got stuck to it’s paws and when the tiger momentarily paused to rid its paws of these pieces, it became an easy target for the hunter.
Today, such a method could be used in special circumstances, such as trapping a straying or man-eating tiger, not for the bullet, but the tranquilisation dart. Here too, shooting at precisely the right moment is of paramount importance and the added fact that the sedative acts relatively slowly. Thus, to be able to momentarily stop a tiger in its tracks without causing it any harm can only be advantageous in capture operations requiring tranquilisation.
Authors:
Dr. Dharmendra Khandal (L) has worked as a conservation biologist with Tiger Watch – a non-profit organisation based in Ranthambhore, for the last 16 years. He spearheads all anti-poaching, community-based conservation and exploration interventions for the organisation.
Mr. Ishan Dhar (R) is a researcher of political science in a think tank. He has been associated with Tiger Watch’s conservation interventions in his capacity as a member of the board of directors.
शिकार के अलग अलग तरीके है और इनमें छुपे ज्ञान से, हम बाघों को बचाने के अद्धभूत तरीके ढूंढ सकते हैं, एक वाक्या राजस्थान के विख्यात शिकारी केसरी सिंह जी द्वारा दर्ज किया गया है, जो नरभक्षी और घुमन्तु बाघों को पकड़ने में सहायक हो सकता है।
कर्नल केसरी सिंह राजस्थान के एक माहिर शिकारी थे, जिन्होंने ग्वालियर और जयपुर रियासतों के शिकार खानो के लिए वर्षो तक कार्य किया। उस समय की परिस्थितियाँ अलग हुआ करती थी, बाघ – बघेरों के शिकार को राज्यों के कानून एवं समाज द्वारा मान्यता प्राप्त थी। अतः शिकार की घटनाओं आज के परिपेक्ष्य में भी हेय नजर से देखना ठीक नहीं होगा। केसरी सिंह जी ने कई पुस्तके लिखी है, जिनमें बाघ शिकार के साथ उसके व्यवहार की अनेक बारीकियों का सूक्ष्मता से वर्णन किया है। आज के समय भी उनके द्वारा दर्ज की गयी घटनाये, बाघ संरक्षण में उपयोगी हो सकता है।
उनकी एक पुस्तक – “हिंट्स ऑन टाइगर शूटिंग” 1965 में एक वर्तान्त बांध बरेठा (भरतपुर) से शामिल है, की किस प्रकार वहां उनके एक मित्र ने घबराये हुए दौड़ते बाघ को कुछ क्षण एक स्थान पर रोके रखा, ताकि वह उसका आसानी से शिकार कर सके।
भरतपुर महाराज किशन सिंह जी
केसरी सिंह जी लिखते है कि, भरतपुर महाराज किशन सिंह जी, उनके मेयो कॉलेज, अजमेर के ज़माने से मित्र हुआ करते थे। किशन सिंह जी किसी भी समस्या के लिए हर समय त्वरित रूप से नए हल ईजाद कर लिया करते थे। केसरी सिंह जी लिखते है यदि बरेठा का वह शिकार का वाक्या खुद उन्होंने ने नहीं देखा होता तो शायद वह इस तरह के शिकार के तरीके पर भरोसा ही नहीं करते। किशन सिंह जी राजस्थान के प्रसिद्ध राजनेता श्री विश्वेन्द्र सिंह के दादा एवं नव जवान राजनेता श्री अनिरुद्ध सिंह के परदादा थे। किशन सिंह जी अपने ज़माने के समाज सुधारक के रूप में जाने जाते है। बरेठा को वर्तमान में एक वन्य जीव अभ्यारण्य का दर्जा प्राप्त है जिसे बांध बरेठा नाम से जाना जाता है, एवं इन दिनों में इसलिए चर्चा में रहा था क्योंकि राम मंदिर निर्माण के लिए इस्तेमाल होने वाले पत्थरो के लिए इसके एक बड़े हिस्से को राजस्थान सरकार ने अभ्यारण्य से अलग किया था।
बांध बरेठा वन्यजीव अभयारण्य (फोटो: डॉ सत्य प्रकाश मेहरा)
उस ज़माने में शिकार का एक सबसे अधिक प्रचलित तरीका था – हांका लगाना। हांके में अनेको लोग बाघ के पीछे तेज शोर और हल्ला करते हुए U आकर में उसे घेरते हुए चलते है, और डरा हुआ बाघ एक निश्चित स्थान से दौड़ते हुए गुजरता है, जहाँ पहले से मचान पर तैयार बैठा शिकारी, उसका शिकार कर लेता है। मचान हालाँकि छुपे हुए स्थान पर होता है और उसके सामने एक खुला मैदान रखा जाता है। परन्तु कई बार बाघ इतना तेजी से निकलता है की यदि उस क्षण में शिकारी गोली नहीं चला पाए तो पुनः उतनी ही तैयारी फिर से करनी पड़ती है, जो एक लम्बी प्रक्रिया है।
बांध बरेठा वन्यजीव अभयारण्य (फोटो: डॉ सत्य प्रकाश मेहरा)
वे लिखते है कि, बरेठा में जैसे ही बाघ हांका लगने के बाद खुले मैदान में मचान के पास आया वह अपने पांव से कुछ निकलने की कोशिश कर रहा था। यह क्षण मचान पर बैठे लोगो के लिए आसानी से शिकार के लिए समय दे गया और उन्होंने ने बन्दुक से एक सधा हुआ निशाना मार उसे ख़तम कर दिया।
मक्खी एवं कीट आदि पकड़ने के लिए इस्तेमाल होने वाला फ्लाईपेपर
किशन सिंह जी जानकारी लेने पर उन्होंने बताया की किस प्रकार उन्होंने फ्लाईपेपर – मक्खी एवं कीट आदि पकड़ने के लिए इस्तेमाल होने वाले एक तरफ से चिपकने वाले पदार्थ से सने कागज को रास्ते पर बिखेर दिया था, ताकि जब बाघ उसपर से चले तो उसके पांव में वे कागज के टुकड़े चिपक जाये। और जैसे ही वह इनसे अपना पीछ छुड़ाने के लिए रुके, फिर आसान शिकार बना सकते है।
यह तरीका खास परिस्थिति में घुमन्तु एवं मानव भक्षीबाघ को पकड़ने में लिया जा सकता है, एवं गोली की जगह बेहोश करने वाली दवा का इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है। क्योंकि गोली की बजाय दवा वाला इंजेक्शन धीमी गति से चलती हां एवं सही निशाना भी अत्यंत आवश्यक है।
लेखक:
Dr. Dharmendra Khandal (L) has worked as a conservation biologist with Tiger Watch – a non-profit organisation based in Ranthambhore, for the last 16 years. He spearheads all anti-poaching, community-based conservation and exploration interventions for the organisation.
Mr. Ishan Dhar (R) is a researcher of political science in a think tank. He has been associated with Tiger Watch’s conservation interventions in his capacity as a member of the board of directors.