Aditya ‘Dicky’ Singh, a name known for many things, I shall list some of them here – from being an outdoor enthusiast, a wildlife lover, an incredible photographer, a highly intelligent individual, a friend with an open heart and a home for everyone, a devoted worshiper of tigers, a compassionate soul towards all living beings, a cheerful personality whose joie de vivre was contagious, and to an exceptional human being who was free from the shackles of societal norms. All of this was a result of the unique upbringing and rich heritage that Aditya received from his family. He was born on May 24, 1966, in Allahabad (now Prayagraj).
Aditya’s father, Brigadier Naresh Bahadur Singh Bhadauria, and mother Aruna Singh remained constant blessings throughout his life. His family originally had roots in the Bhind region of Madhya Pradesh, but later shifted to the Kanpur region of Uttar Pradesh. In an ironic twist, Aditya eventually returned to the Chambal region in adulthood, albeit this time on the other side of the Chambal river, by making Ranthambhore in Rajasthan his home. Despite a childhood that was spent constantly on the move due to his father’s military service, living in Delhi, Bangalore, Allahabad (now Prayagraj), Jaipur, and Bikaner, Aditya’s family nevertheless maintained their connections to the Chambal region.
Aditya in his own way, followed in the footsteps of his courageous father and grandfather, both of whom were military veterans. His grandfather, Major Mohan Singh, was a distinguished war veteran who participated in the Second World War and fought against the Axis forces in five different countries in North Africa, and then against Pakistani irregulars in Jammu & Kashmir scarcely three years later. It was precisely because of this extensive experience, that despite being a Special List Quartermaster (non-combat role), he was appointed a Company Commander of an Infantry Battalion and given command of a Rifle Company in the Chhamb-Jaurian sector of Jammu & Kashmir during the 1965 Indo-Pak war! He made the supreme sacrifice for the nation in a fierce battle in 1965, becoming the only Quartermaster to ever fight and be martyred for the nation in the history of the Indian Armed Forces. Major Mohan Singh’s name is commemorated at the National War Memorial, and Aditya always said with great pride that he was the ‘bravest man I have never met’, having been born just one year after the war in 1966. Aditya’s father, Brigadier Naresh Bahadur, served as a Brigadier in the Rajputana Rifles and retired as the Commandant of the Regimental Center. He also saw action in various wars, such as the India-China war of 1962, the Indo-Pak wars of 1965 (in the same sector as Major Mohan Singh), and 1971. His dedication to the nation was recognized with the Vishisht Seva Medal. Aditya received his early education at Modern School, Barakhamba Road, Delhi.
Aditya was known for acing exams, and on one occasion his exam papers were stolen, leading to a hilarious incident where his friends resorted to copying his answers in the school bathroom. Even today, his photographic style has its never-ending share of mimics, and his tiger photographs are widely used by all and sundry. In his early years, Aditya excelled in 100-meter sprints. He was advised to utilize the structure and height of his legs to become a proficient sprinter and went on to represent Delhi state. Aditya first pursued engineering at BMS College, Bangalore. His brother Vikram also joined the same college. Aditya specialized in civil engineering with a focus on building bridges. He eventually decided to become an IAS officer, but soon realized that this line of work was not his true calling. He quit the IAS without wasting much time and gave up his bureaucratic career, which even today, is quite unthinkable in the Indian context. During this period, Poonam entered his life, and he thus found another family.
Aditya and Poonam chose Ranthambhore as their new home in 1998, and eventually, Ranthambhore became their tiger abode. Social media was not prevalent at the time, and few people knew anything about tigers, but Aditya’s fingers were always on the pulse of Ranthambhore’s successive tiger generations, and a steadily growing section of enthusiasts eagerly awaited his blog posts on the subject. Aditya was also a trusted partner of the Ranthambhore Forest Department. For them, Aditya brought it all to the table- a complete disinterest in fame, a lack of shame in hard work, and a unique connection with people, along with a wealth of new ideas.
After the success of the first BBC documentary he worked on, hardly any film project related to Ranthambhore could have been completed without Aditya’s inputs. He collaborated with world-renowned wildlife filmmakers, offering advice and support on filming tigers, and working with organizations like National Geographic, Animal Planet, Discovery, Disney, and more.
Often speaking fearlessly and candidly on the scientific aspects related to nature and wildlife, Aditya spoke appropriately when needed, harshly when required, yet always truthfully. He spoke without pretence, and without any selfishness, it was never about him. He was a true and authentic voice for the tigers of Ranthambhore. Aditya and Poonam’s constant concern for the well-being of Ranthambhore’s wildlife eventually led them to buy 35 acres of barren land outside Ranthambhore and over 21 years, convert it into a jungle.
Today, it has become a magnificent place where thousands of trees thrive, and both the tiger and multiple prey species benefit from it. On September 6th 2023, Aditya left for his final abode, leaving those of us who had the privilege of knowing him devastated and mourning his loss. However, we can perhaps take comfort in the fact that Aditya leaves behind a rich legacy that is truly matchless and will undoubtedly continue to be a source of inspiration for scores of future wildlife conservationists, photographers, enthusiasts and free thinkers for many years to come.
This is especially true for his young daughter Nyra, who has already begun demonstrating that she has inherited her father’s innate proficiency with the camera.
राजस्थान में ऊँटो की नस्ल में विविधता एवं उनकी संख्या
सन 1900 में, तंदुरुस्त ऊंटों पर बैठ के बीकानेर राज्य की एक सैन्य टुकड़ी, ब्रिटिश सेना की और से चीन में एक युद्ध में भाग लेने गयी थी। उनका सामना, वहां के उन लोगों से हुआ जो मार्शल आर्ट में निपुण थे। ब्रिटिश सरकार ने इन मार्शल योद्धाओं को बॉक्सर रिबेलियन का नाम दिया था। यह बड़ा विचित्र युद्ध हुआ होगा, जब एक ऊँट सवार टुकड़ी कुंग फु योद्धाओं का सामना कर रही थी। यह मार्शल लोग एक ऊँचा उछाल मार कर घुड़सवार को नीचे गिरा लेते थे, परन्तु जब उनके सामने ऊँचे ऊँट पर बैठा सवार आया तो वह हतप्रभ थे, की इनसे कैसे लड़े। इस युद्ध में विख्यात बीकानेर महाराज श्री गंगा सिंह जी ने स्वयं भाग लिया था। बीकानेर के ऊंटों को विश्व भर में युद्ध के लिए अत्यंत उपयोगी माना जाता है।
गंगा रिसाला का एक गर्वीला जवान (1908 Watercolour by Major Alfred Crowdy Lovett. National Army Museum, UK)
राजस्थान में मिलने वाली ऊंटों की अलग अलग नस्ल, उनके उपयोग के अनुसार विकशित की गयी होगी।
1. बीकानेरी : – यह बीकानेर , गंगानगर ,हनुमानगढ़ एवं चुरू में पाया जाता है |
2. जोधपुरी :- यह मुख्यत जोधपुर और नागपुर जिले में पाया जाता है |
3. नाचना :- यह तेज दौड़ने वाली नस्ल है, मूल रूप से यह जैसलमेर के नाचना गाँव में पाया जाता है |
4. जैसलमेरी :-यह नस्ल जैसलमेर, बाड़मेर, जोधपुर में पाई जाती है |
5. कच्छी :- यह नस्ल मुख्यरूप से बाड़मेर और जलोर में पाई जाती है |
6. जालोरी :- यह नस्ल मुख्यरूप से जालोर और सिरोही में पाई जाती है |
7. मेवाड़ी :- इस नस्ल का बड़े पैमाने पर भार ढोने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है | यह नस्ल मुख्यत उदयपुर , चित्तोरगढ़ , प्रतापगढ़ और अजमेर में पाई जाती है |
8. गोमत :- ऊँट की यह नस्ल अधिक दुरी के मालवाहन के लिए प्रसिद्ध है और यह तेज़ धावक भी है। नस्ल मुख्य रूप से जोधपुर और नागौर में पाई जाती है |
9. गुढ़ा :- यह नागौर और चुरू में पाया जाता है |
10.खेरुपल :- यह बीकानेर और चुरू में पाया जाता है |
11. अल्वारी :- यह नस्ल मुख्य रूप से पूर्वी राजस्थान में पाई जाती है |
भारत में आज इस प्राणी की संख्या में अत्यंत गिरावट आयी है जहाँ वर्ष 2012 में इनकी संख्या 4 लाख थी वहीं वर्ष 2019 में 2.5 लाख रह गयी है। राजस्थान में पिछले कुछ वर्षो में ऊंटों की संख्या में भरी गिरावट देखी गयी है। भारत की 80% से अधिक ऊंटों की संख्या राजस्थान में मिलती है एवं वर्ष 2012 में जहाँ 3.26 लाख थी वहीँ सन 2019 में यह घट कर 2.13 लाख रह गयी जो 35% गिरावट के रूप में दर्ज हुई। ऊँटो की सर्वाधिक संख्या राजस्थान में वर्ष 1983 में दर्ज की गयी थी जब यह
इस गिरावट का मूल कारण जहाँ यातायात एवं मालवाहक संसाधनों के विस्तार को माना गया वहीँ राज्य में लाये गए ”The Rajasthan Camel (Prohibition of Slaughter and Regulation of Temporary Migration or Export) Act, 2015 ” के द्वारा इसके व्यापार की स्वतंत्रता पर लगे नियंत्रण को भी इसका कारण माना गया है।
राजस्थान के गौरव शाली इतिहास, रंगबिरंगी संस्कृति, आर्थिक विकाश के आधार रहे इस प्राणी को शायद हम पूर्ववर्ती स्वरुप में नहीं देख पाएंगे, परन्तु आज भी इनसे जुड़े लोग ऊँटो के लिए वही समर्पण भाव से कार्य कर रहे है, उन सभी को हम सबल देंगे इसी आशा के साथ।
Portia spiders are small jumping spiders that belong to the Salticidae family. They are among the most intelligent arthropods because they hunt other hunters. This is possible because Portia spiders are skilled at creating and executing complex hunting strategies. While some spiders wait for prey in their silk webs, Portia spiders are active hunters. They stalk their prey and then pounce on them.
It has been observed that when this spider needs to kill another spider that builds webs, it tricks it by creating vibrations that mimic the struggles of trapped prey. The web-building spider thinks that something is caught in its web and comes out to investigate, giving Portia the opportunity to attack. Moreover, Portia spiders are known to exhibit social behaviors, which is not common among Salticidae spider species. I encountered this spider at Sawai Madhopur (Rajasthan).
Portia spiders are active hunters. They stalk their prey and then pounce on them.
पोर्टिया मकड़ियाँ एक छोटी जंपिंग स्पाइडर है। जो साल्टिसिडे परिवार से संबंधित हैं। ये मकड़ी सबसे बुद्धिमान आर्थ्रोपॉड में से एक हैं। क्योंकि पोर्टिया मकड़ियाँ शिकारी का शिकारी करती हैं। वह तभी संभव है जब आप जटिल शिकार रणनीतियों की योजना बनाने और उन्हें क्रियान्वित करने माहिर हो। कुछ मकड़ियां अपने रेशम का जाला बनाकर इंतज़ार करती है, परंतु यह पोर्टिया मकड़ियाँ सक्रिय शिकारी होती हैं जो अपने शिकार का पीछा करती हैं और उस पर झपट्टा मारती हैं। देखा गया है की जब इस मकड़ी को एक जाला बनाने वाली मकड़ी मारनी होती है, तो वह उसे झांसा देकर अपने पास बुलाती है। यह उसके जाले में अपनी पतली टांगों से एक कंपन पैदा करती है, यह जाले वाली मकड़ी को लगता है कोई कीट उसके जाले में फंसा है।जाले वाली मकड़ी छिपे स्थान से बाहर आती है और फिर यह उस पर हमला कर देती है। इसके अलावा पोर्टिया प्रजातियाँ सामाजिक व्यवहार प्रदर्शित करने के लिए जानी जाती हैं जो आमतौर पर इन साल्टिसिडे मकड़ियों में नहीं देखी जाती हैं। यह मकड़ी मुझे सवाई माधोपुर (राजस्थान) में देखने को मिली।
सबसे बुद्धिमान आर्थ्रोपॉड में से एक मकड़ी (फोटो: धर्मेन्द्र खांडल)
पोर्टिया मकड़ियाँ सक्रिय शिकारी होती हैं जो अपने शिकार का पीछा करती हैं और उस पर झपट्टा मारती हैं (फोटो: प्रवीण)
India is currently reassessing its tiger conservation campaign after five decades to evaluate the progress made thus far. Despite a significantly large human population in the country, we are delighted to have achieved the arguably remarkable feat of also having the highest tiger population in the world. As we contemplate our next steps as a nation, it is essential to chart a direction that determines that we progress in harmony with nature.
The fate of tigers and humans in this country is inextricably intertwined. By prioritizing tiger conservation, we not only safeguard these majestic creatures but also ensure the protection of our precious forests. Consequently, this commitment leads to significant advancements in our relationship with water and food resources, which are essential to our survival.
However, considering India’s human population has grown by more than 100 crore people since 1950, and we have recently surpassed China in this regard, how can we successfully balance development with wildlife conservation?
Confrontation (Image: Dharmendra Khandal)
As mentioned earlier India boasts the biggest share, approximately 70%, of the global tiger population. Nonetheless, the conflict between humans and tigers in certain regions of the country has sparked debates regarding what the size of an ideal tiger population should be.
Considering the impact of climate change, it has become apparent that we may have to accept a certain degree of conflict between humans and wildlife. To date, no definitive solution has emerged that can eliminate such conflict in its entirety. After acknowledging this ground reality, it becomes essential to work towards mitigating and managing human-wildlife conflict in a way that balances the needs of both humans and wildlife.
The 53 designated tiger reserves spanning an area of 75,796.83 square kilometres, safeguard one-third of India’s forest for the preservation of tigers. Notably, approximately 48% of these reserves have been established in the past 15 years, emphasizing an increasing focus on tiger conservation. These encouraging trends indicate that a significant portion of the remaining forests can still be conserved to provide sanctuary for tigers.
Take Rajasthan for example- The amount of tiger reserve area in the state was not large initially, but the state has recently demonstrated remarkable progress by more than doubling its tiger reserve area from 2292 sq km to 4886 sq km over the past decade, with plans to triple it in the near future. However, despite having ample opportunities, several states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh, are yet to undertake similar efforts in expanding their tiger reserves.
Out of a total of 53 tiger reserves in India, approximately 20 reserves cover one-third of the total tiger reserve area. Astonishingly, these reserves account for less than 100 tigers, representing a mere 3-4% of India’s tiger population. This alarming statistic highlights the urgent need for immediate action towards the conservation of these reserves.
According to the United Nations, India’s human population is projected to start declining as early as 2047, eventually reaching 1 billion by 2100. However, this century holds immense significance for our forest and wildlife conservation goals, which will serve as a testament in the future. Despite this potential, it is evident that our forest management practices require improvement. With proper management strategies in place, achieving a tiger population of over 10,000 is indeed attainable.
It is crucial to promote the development of additional tiger reserves in various states. It is counterproductive to discourage their establishment by imposing impractical rules and regulations. Often, it has been observed that the tiger habitats which are deemed suitable extend beyond predefined areas specified by regulations. This highlights the need to further understand and identify suitable habitats for tigers, indicating that our current knowledge might be limited in determining their ideal habitats. An encouraging example is the influx of numerous tigers into the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary, situated near Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh. Despite this positive development, the state government of Madhya Pradesh remains hesitant to designate it a tiger reserve.
Efforts should be intensified to expedite the voluntary relocation of villages within tiger reserves while ensuring adequate compensation and responsible care for the relocated communities. It is imperative to diligently coordinate a well-planned and strategic relocation process. For example, in Ranthambore, around 1500 families were relocated, but the relocation of 500 of those 1500 families proved beneficial for tigers, as they were situated in the most vital tiger habitat. Therefore, prioritizing relocation procedures that are both equitable and strategic, will ensure the long-term effectiveness and favorable results of such endeavors.
There is a pressing need to prioritize the development of corridors between states to facilitate the movement of wildlife. In addition, by facilitating the sharing of tigers between states, the issue of genetic depression can be effectively addressed, ensuring healthier and more robust tiger populations.
By embracing progressive and innovative approaches to tourism regulations and ensuring the broader distribution of benefits, wildlife conservation efforts can be significantly advanced. For instance, moving away from large-scale tourism establishments and promoting small-scale Homestays can generate employment opportunities for a greater number of people. This approach will foster stronger connections between the tiger and its conservation efforts.
To change people’s perspectives, it is crucial to emphasize the benefits derived from the tiger in terms of ecosystem services. For instance, in Ranthambhore, which is the world’s driest tiger habitat, the region provides enough water to irrigate 300 villages through the existence of 20 dams despite being an arid region. However, it is unfortunate that many local residents perceive Ranthambore solely as a forest developed for foreign tourism. Efforts should be directed towards educating communities about the positive impact of tigers and the conservation of wildlife, thus fostering a deeper appreciation for their ecological significance.
The assertion that tigers must be constrained once their population reaches 4000, implying potential human wildlife conflict problems, and the proposal of sterilization as a control method, demonstrate a limited perspective and a lack of innovative thinking.
Proposing the imposition of tiger population control measures based on a specific number sends a highly misleading message to the general public. It implies that tiger conservation is merely an experimental endeavour driven by the dogmatic rigidity of a particular class of people. Such statements can lead the public to unfairly blame the entire wildlife conservation effort for any minor difficulties that may arise in the future out of human wildlife conflict etc. If challenging times do occur, it is crucial to make appropriate decisions at that time, which will not require excessive planning in advance. There is no need to prematurely create an atmosphere of fear, as we can address it when it becomes necessary. Controlling tiger populations through sterilization or culling seems challenging, considering the level of precision that will be required in profiling all wild tigers. In other words, we can cross that bridge when we come to it, there is no need to raise patently unnecessary concerns at this stage. In our country, dogs are accountable for causing more than 4,000 human deaths annually, whereas encounters with tigers result in less than 2% of human fatalities. The ecological role of dogs remains unclear. It is important to highlight that snake bites claim the lives of 50,000 individuals, and we have yet to effectively tackle this issue. In light of these circumstances, it prompts us to question the true level of threat posed by tigers. Our society is far from flawless and perfect.So, why is there such an uproar over conflicts with tigers?
It is essential to transcend narrow perspectives and actively seek innovative strategies that ensure the long-lasting success and sustainability of our wildlife conservation efforts. While it is essential for the general public to understand this significance, policymakers in particular must strive to avoid devising plans without due consideration of perspectives that might be deemed ‘unorthodox’. Embracing a broader and more innovative outlook is crucial for safeguarding both the well-being of tigers and the basic needs of our human population.
