Flora Of Ramgarh Crater, Baran District, Rajasthan with Ethnobotanical Notes and Highlight on Related Issues

Dr. Satish Kumar Sharma

Assistant Conservator of Forests (Retd.)

14-15, Chakri Amba, Rampura Circle, Udaipur, Rajasthan

Anurag Bhatnagar

Dy. Conservator of Forests,

Wildlife Division, Kota, Rajasthan

Praveen Singh

Field Biologist,

Tiger Watch, Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan

Ramgarh crater is a prominent meteorite impact crater, located on the Vindhyan Plateau near Ramgarh village in Baran District, southeastern Rajasthan. Geologically significant, the crater spans a forested region, now managed under the jurisdiction of the Kishanganj Forest Range, Baran Forest Division. Earlier, this area was managed as a territorial forest but now has been declared as a Conservation Reserve by the Government of Rajasthan through notification F/4(12)/Forest/2017, dated March 3, 2023. The details of forest blocks and area is given below in the Table 1.

Table 1: Area details of Ramgarh Conservation Reserve.

S. No.

Forest Block

Forest Land Category

Area (ha)

1

Ramgarh

Protected Forest

1440.50

2

Kunji Suwans

Protected Forest

2368.34

Total

3808.84

The area is important from history, culture, archeology, geology and forestry point of view. Historically, apex predators such as the tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (Panthera pardus) were once reported in the region, though they are now locally extinct.

Figure 1: View of the Dhonk (Anogeissus pendula) forest on eastern inner hill slope and Butea monosperma dominated forest in foothills (photo taken from ruins of the Bhand Deora).

The present-day mammalian fauna includes the Northern Plains Langur (Semnopithecus entellus), Indian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa), Jungle Cat (Felis chaus), Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica), Grey Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii), Ruddy Mongoose (H. smithii), Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Golden Jackal (Canis aureus aureus), Indian Hare (Lepus nigricollis), Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica), House Shrew (Suncus murinus), Five-striped Squirrel (Funambulus pennantii), Indian Gerbil (Tatera indica), and Indian Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis). The area also supports a rich assemblage of avifauna, reptiles, butterflies, and moths.

Figure 2: A juvenile Bengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis) (photographed at the eastern bank of Pushkar Talab on July 15, 2025).

Ramgarh Crater is equally notable for its architectural and spiritual heritage. Noteworthy sites include the Ramgarh Fort, Bhand Deora temple complex, Harchand Ji Ki Chhatri, Annapurna and Krishnai Mata Ji Temples, Kachkaran Ki Baori, Brahm Chetan Kund, and Ramgarh Mata Temple. Several water bodies, such as Nola, Pushkar Talab (Pokhar), Bada Talab (Ramgarh Talab), and Mala Ki Talai, dot the crater landscape. According to oral histories, rulers of Kota State once frequented Mala Ki Talai for royal hunting expeditions (Dr. Madhusudan Vaishnaw, pers. comm., June 20, 2024).

Figure 3: View of Pushkar Talab as seen from the vantage point behind the ruins of the Bhand Deora Temple.

Significantly, Pushkar Talab within the Ramgarh Crater has been designated as one of the 44 ‘Notified Wetlands’ by the Government of Rajasthan, highlighting its ecological importance and hydrological value within the regional landscape.

The broader Hadoti region is relatively well-documented for its prehistoric rock art and unique geological specialties (Abbas, 2021; Nagar et al., 2017; Pandey et al., 2024). However, the Ramgarh Crater, despite its ecological and cultural significance, has received limited focused scientific attention (Aswathi et al., 2012). Floristic studies covering the broader Hadoti zone are available (Sharma, 2002), and a comprehensive overview of the vegetation across Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, and Baran districts is provided in “The Flora of Rajasthan” (Sharma, 2022). However, a dedicated botanical inventory specifically focused on the Ramgarh Crater remains absent.

Figure 4: Ruins of the Bhand Deora Shiva Temple. The upper section shows the remains of the sanctum (Garbhagriha); the bottom left displays the outer wall of the sanctum, while the bottom right depicts scattered architectural remnants lying behind the Garbhagriha.

To address this gap, extensive floristic surveys were conducted between 2023 and July 2025. These investigations aimed to document the floral diversity of the crater across different seasons and provide foundational data for future ecological and conservation assessments.

Table 2: Dicot flora of Ramgarh crater

S.N.

Family

Latin name of plant

H*

Location

Status

Remark

1

Annonaceae

Annona squamosa

S

Near eastern bank of Pushkar Talab

Less common

Growing in patches

2

Monispermaceae

Cissampelos pareira

 

TS

Growing among bushes

Relatively common

 

 

 

Tinospora cordifolia

CS

Climbing on Prosopis juliflora

Relatively common

Hanging assimilatory roots are visible here and there

 

 

Cocculus hirsutus

SS

Growing among bushes

Relatively common

 

3

Nymphoeaceae

Nymphoea nauchali

H

Bada talab and Puskar Talab

Common

 

4

Nelumbonaceae

Nelumbo nucifera

H

Bada Talab

Common

Growing towards shore area

5

Papaveraceae

Argemone mexicana

H

Downstream of Bada Talab

Common

 

6

Capparaceae

Capparis decidua

S/ST

Dotted everywhere in open well drained pockets

Common

 

 

 

C. sepiaria

 

SS

Dotted everywhere

Common

 

 

 

 

Crateva odansonii

T

Foot hills

Rare

 

7

Flacourtiaceae

Flacourtia indica

S/ST

Dotted

Less common

 

8

Malvaceae

Abutilon indicum

 

US

Dotted

 

Less common

 

 

 

Hibiscus caesius

 

H

Dotted among bushes

Relatively common

Become visible after monsoon season when it flowers

 

 

H. micranthus

S

Dotted

Less common

 

9

Sterculiaceae

Sterculia urens

T

Upper reaches of the hills

Rare

 

10

Tiliaceae

Corchorus aestuans

H

Near Bada Talab

Less common

 

 

 

C. capsularis

 

H

Near Bada Talab

Less common

 

 

 

C tridens

H

Near Bada Talab

Less common

 

 

 

Grewia flavescens

S

Growing below the Anogeissus pendula crop

Less common

 

 

 

G. tenax

S

A bush of stony area

Less common

 

11

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis corniculate

H

Edges of both the water bodies

Abundant

 

12

Rutaceae

Aegle marmelos

T

Seen in valley area

Less common

 

13

Simaroubaceae

Ailanthus excelsa

T

On the way to Ramgarh Mata temple

Rare

Visible from distance owing to large sized leaves

14

Balanitaceae

Balanites aegyptiaca

T

Soil erosion prone compact areas

Common

A species which suckers profusely

15

Burseraceae

Boswellia serrata

T

Upper reaches

Less common

 

16

Meliaceae

Azadirachta indica

 

 

 

 

T

Growing among bushes

near Goshala

Less common

 

 

 

 

 

Melia azedarach

T

Near Goshala

Rare

 

17

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus glabrata

T

Dotted

Less common

 

 

 

Z. mauritiana

T

Dotted

Less common

 

 

 

Z. nummularia

S

Dotted along the road

Less common

 

 

 

Z. xylophyrus

 

Dotted on hill slopes

Less common

 

18

Vitaceae

Cayratia carnosa

C

Climbing straight on the thick-stemmed trees like Madhuca indica

Common

A rainy season plant. Starts appearing before onset of monsoon. It perennates through its beaded or moniliform roots

19

Sapindaceae

Cardiospermum helicacabum

C

Among bushes

Common

A rainy season plant

20

Anacardiaceae

Lannea coromadelica

 

T

Present from upper reaches to foothills.

Common

 

Also seen growing on ancient buildings of temples and fort.

 

 

Mangifera indica

T

Eastern edge of Pushkar Talab and near Goshala

Grow in groves

 

21

Moringaceae

Moringa oleifera

T

Dotted

Less common

 

22

Fabaceae

Abrus precatorius

TH

Among bushes

Common

 

 

 

Alysicarpus vaginalis

H

Growing as ground flora

Common

 

 

 

 

Butea

monosperma

T

Foot hills

Abundant

 

Growing as 5/E5 Butea Forest in the area.

 

 

Clitoria ternatea

TH

Growing among the bushes near spillover of Bada Talab

Less common

 

 

 

 

Crotalaria medicagenia

H

Open areas

Common

A rainy season plant

 

 

Desmodinm triflorum

H

Creeping here and there on the ground floor

Common

 

 

 

 

Galactia tenuiflora

TH

Among bushes near Bhand Deora and eastern bank of Pushkar Talab

Relatively common

 

 

 

 

Indigofera linifolia

H

Quite visible during monsoon and post monsoon period

Common

 

 

 

 

I. linnaei

H

Quite visible during monsoon and post monsoon period

Common

 

 

 

Mucuna prurita

TH

Visible during monsoon and post monsoon period

Common

 

 

 

Rhynchosia minima

TH

Among bushes

Common

 

 

 

Tephrosia villosa

US

During rainy season becomes visible in open areas

Less common

 

 

 

T. purpurea

H

During rainy season becomes visible in open areas

Less common

 

23

Caesalpiniaceae

Bauhinia racemosa

 

 

 

T

On the way to Ramgarh Mata temple and near eastern bank of Pushkar Talabs

Rare

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cassia fistula

T

Near eastern bank of Pushkar Talabs

Rare

 

 

 

 

Cassia pumila

 

H

Open areas

Less common

 

 

 

Cassia sophera / Senna sophera

 

S

Near eastern Ghat of Pushkar Talab. Growing under the shade of Madhuca indica

Less common

Grow in patches

 

 

 

Cassia tora/ Senna tora

 

H

Grow in open area

Common

 

 

 

 

C. uniflora/ Senna uniflora

H

Open area

Common

This species is spreading at fasti pace

 

 

Tamarindus indica

T

Near eastern edge of Pushkar talab

Rare

 

24

Mimosaceae

Acacia catechu

 

T

Hill slopes

Common

 

 

 

A. leucophloea

T

Hill slopes (where degradation is prevailing) and foot hills. Visible along the sides of whole road net work

Common

 

 

 

 

A. nilotica indica

 

T

Foothills and road side ditches

Less common

 

 

 

 

Dichrostachys cinerea

S

Foothills and lower slopes

Less common

 

 

 

Mimosa himalayna

 

S

Road sides

 

Less common

 

 

 

Prosopis juliflora

T

Whole valley and foot hills are badly affected

Abundant

 

25

Combretaceae

Anogeissus pendula / Terminalia pendula

T

A dominant species luxuriantly growing on hill slopes and foot-hills.

Abundant

Making 5/E1 and 5/E/DS1 forest types on hill slopes and stoney foot hills

26

Myrtaceae

Syzygium cumini

T

Near Goshala

Rare

 

27

Onagraceae

Ludwigia adscendens

H

Bada Talab

Less common

 

28

Trapaceae

Trapa natans

H

Pushkar and Bada Talab waters

Common

 

29

Cucurbitaceae

Cucumis melo var. agrestis

C

On the walls of Bhand Deora

Less common

Rainy season plant

 

 

Diplocyclos palmatus

 

H

Among bushes

Common during rainy season

Rainy season plant

 

 

Luffa acutangula

 

C

Among bushes

Less common

 

Rainy season plant

 

 

L. echinata

C

Among bushes

Common

Rainy season plant

 

 

Momordica charantia

C

Among bushes

Common

Rainy season plant

 

 

M. dioica

C

Among bushes

Less common

A dioicous plant of rainy season. Start appearing before on set of monsoons through the underground tubers

 

 

Trichosanthes cucumeriana

C

Among bushes

Abundant

Rainy season plant

30

Cactaceae

Opuntia elatior

S

On the way to Bhand Deora

Less common

Havily naturalize in many pockets of Baran district

31

Aizoaceae

Trianthema portulacastrum

H

Quite visible during rainy season in open areas

Common

 

32

Rubiaceae

Borreria articularis

H

Visible during rainy season on forest floor

Common

 

 

 

 

B. pusila

 

H

Visible during rainy season on forest floor

Less common

 

 

 

Mitraguna parvifolia

T

Hill slopes and foot hills

Less common

 

33

Asteraceae

Ageratum conyzoides

H

Bordering area of Pushkar Talab and Bada Talab

Common

 

 

 

 

 

 

A haustonianum

H

Bordering area of Pushkar Talab and Bada Talab

Less common

 

 

 

Bidens biternata

 

H

Open areas and old buildings

Common

 

 

 

 

Caesulia axillaris

H

Bordering Bada Talab

Less common

 

 

 

Echinops eclinatus

 

H

Near Bhand Deora and at many places along the road

Less common

 

 

 

 

Eclipta prostorey

H

Bordering Bada Talab

Less common

 

 

 

Parthenium hysterophorus

H

Occupying open places

Abundant

 

 

 

Tridax procumbens

 

H

Open areas and road side

Abundant

 

 

 

 

Vernonia cineria

H

Open areas

Less common

 

 

 

Xanthium strumarium

H

Road sides

Common

 

34

Sapotaceae

Madhuca indica

 

 

 

 

 

 

T

Present near the eastern shore of Pushkar Talab

 

Growing singly and in groves

 

 

 

 

 

 

Manilkara hexandra

T

Few trees dotted in the area

Rare

 

35

Ebenaceae

Diospyros cordifolia

 

T

Dotted in foot hills

Less common

 

 

 

D. melanoxylon

T

Doted in foot hills & lower hill slopes

Less common

 

 

36

Apocynaceae

Carissa spinarum

 

S

Near Bhand Deora

Rare

 

 

 

 

Catharanthus pasillus

 

H

Grow in open areas during rainy season

Common

 

 

 

 

Wrightia tinctoria

T

Hill slopes

Rare

 

 

37

Asclepiadacace

Calotropis procera

 

S

Open area along the road

Less common

 

 

 

Oxystelma secamone

TH

Downstream of Bada Talab

Less common

 

 

 

Pergularia daemia

TU

Among bushes

Less common

 

 

 

Wattakaka volubilis

TS

Dotted

Rare

Climbing on trees

 

38

Priplocaceae

Cryptostegia grandiflora

SS

Down stream of the Bada Talab

Rare

 

 

 

Hemidesmus indicus

SU

Dotted here and there on the forest floor

Rare

 

 

39

Ehretiaceae

Cordia dichotoma

T

Near eastern edge of Pushkar Talab

Less common

 

 

 

Ehretia laevis

T

Dotted

Less common

 

 

40

Convolvulaceae

Evolvulus alsinoides

H

Open areas

Less common

 

 

 

E. nummularius

 

 

H

Bordering both water bodies

common

 

 

 

 

Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa

S

Eastern shore of Bada Talab

 

Common

 

 

 

I. dichora

 

TH

Dotted among the bushes during rainy season

Common

 

 

 

I. nil

TH

Can be seen among the bushes during rainy season

Common

 

 

 

I. obscura

TH

Grow among bushes during rainy season

 

 

Common

 

 

 

 

I. pes-tigridis

TH

Grow among bushes during rainy season

Common

 

 

 

 

Merramia emarginata

H

Bordering shore zone of both the water bodies

Common

 

 

 

Rivea hypoaraterifornis

CH

Growing among the bushes

Less common

 

 

41

Cascutaceae

Cuscuta chinensis

 

H

A parasite on herbs and shrubs

Less common

 

 

 

 

C. reflexa

H

Near Bhand Deora

Less common

 

 

42

Solanaceae

Datur innoxia

 

S

Near Bhand Deora

Less common

 

 

 

D. stramonium

 

H

Near Bhand Deora

Rare

 

 

 

 

Solanum xanthocarpum

H

Along the road leading to Ramgarh Mata temple

Less common

 

 

43

Scrophulariaceae

Bacopa monnieri

 

 

H

Edges of both the ponds

Common

 

 

 

 

 

Lindenbergia muraria

H

Fort wall

 

Less common

 

 

 

Verbascum chinense

H

Walls of Bhand deora

Less common

 

44

Bignoniaceae

Oroxylum indicum

T

Seen 2 trees and their many suckers in Shobhagpura village towards southern outskirts of the crater

Rare (?)

(This species is included here on the authority of the local villagers)

Villagers were of opinion that the seeds were brought from crater area and sown in the agriculture field. Locally the species is called Muwasa

45

Pedaliaceae

Sesamum mulayanum

H

Can be seen during rains in open areas

Common

 

46

Martyniaceae

Martynia annua

H

Grow in patches in open area

Less common

Being grazing hardy plan remain undamaged and all the fruits drop below the mother plant after maturation. All fallen seeds germinate during next rain making a clump

 

47

Acanthaceae

Aahatoda zeylanica

 

 

 

S

Making extensive thickets in foothill zone

 

 

Abundant

 

 

 

A grazing hardy species occupying most of foot hill area

 

 

Barleria prionits

 

US

Seen along the road sides

Less common

 

 

 

Elytraria aculis

 

H

Common under Capparis sepiaria and Anogeissus pendula

Very common

 

 

 

Indoneesiella echioides

H

Seen on the walls of Bhand devra

Less Common

Grow on the walls as ruderal species. Also grow in rocky areas. Remains visible only during monsoon season

 

 

Justicia procumbens

H

Quite visible during rains

Common

 

 

 

Peristrophe paniculata

H

Quite visible during rains

Abundant

 

 

48

Verbenaceae

Lantana camara

 

 

S

Invasive in the foot hill zone

Common

 

 

 

 

 

Phyla nodiflora

H

Banks of both the water bodies

Less common

 

49

Lamiaceae

Leucos aspera

H

Open area during rainy season

Less common

 

50

Nyctaginaceae

Boerhavia diffusa

H

Open grassy patches

Common

 

 

51

Amaranthaceae

Achyranthes aspera

H

Affected whole foothills. Also growing as ruderal species

Abundant

 

 

 

Digera muricata

 

 

H

Grassy patches during rains

Less common

 

 

 

 

Pupalia lappacea

H

Grow among bushes during rains

Less common

 

52

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium murale

H

Grow in moist areas during winter

Less common

 

 

53

Polygonaceae

Polygonum glabrum

H

Wet edges of both the ponds

Less common

 

 

 

 

P. plebeium

 

H

Drying edges of both the ponds

Less common

 

 

 

 

Rumex dentatus

H

Grow in moist areas during the winter

Common

 

 

54

Euphorbiaceae

Baliospermum montanum

 

H

Below the Mahuwa and mango trees

Less common

 

 

 

 

Chrozophora rottleri

H

Drying bed of the ponds

Less common

 

 

 

Euphorbia hirta

H

Dotted

Common

 

 

 

E. heyneana

H

Dotted

Common

 

 

 

Jatropha gossypifolia

S

near Goshala

Less common

 

 

 

Kirganelia reticulata

 

 

SS

Moist-shady places at periphery of both the ponds

Less common

 

 

 

Phyllanthus fraternus

 

 

H

seen grown on Bhand Deora during rains

Less common

 

 

 

 

 

Ricinus communis

 

 

ST

Seen near eastern shore of Puskar Talab

Rare

 

 

 

 

 

Securinega leucopyrus

S

Foot hills

 

Less common

 

55

Ulmaceae

Holoptelea integrifolia

T

Dotted

Less common

 

56

Moraceae

Ficus benghalensis

 

 

T

Eastern shore of Pushkar Talab. Seen growing as epiphyte also

Less common

 

 

 

 

 

F. hispida

 

S

Growing in shady wet localities

less common

 

 

 

 

F. racemosa

 

 

 

T

growing near eastern shore of Pushkar Talab

rare

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F. religiosa

 

 

T

Dotted. Seen growing as epiphyte also

less common

 

 

 

 

 

F. virens

 

T

seen growing as epiphyte

rare

 

Table 3: Monocot flora of Ramgarh crater

S.no.

Family

Latin name of plant

H*

Location

Status

Remark

1

Hydrocharitaceae

Hydrilla verticillate

H

Pushkar Talab & Bada Talab

Common

 

2

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea bulbifera

TH

Dotted. Visible during rainy season.

Rare

 

3

Liliaceae

Asparagus racemosus

SU

Dotted among bushes

Common

 

 

Urginea indica

H

Dotted in well drained areas

Less common

 

4

Commelianceae

Commehina benghalensis

H

Common during rainy season on the ground and buildings

Common

 

C. forskalaei

H

Common during rainy season

Common

 

5

Arecaceae

Phoenix sylvestris

T

Eastern shore of Pushkar Talab

Less common

 

6

Lemnaceae

Lemna perpusilla

H

Pushar Talab & Bada Talab

Less common

 

 

Spirodela poiyrhiza

H

Pushar Talab & Bada Talab

Common

 

Wolffia microscopica

H

Pushar Talab & Bada Talab

Common

 

7

Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton pectinatus

H

Pushar Talab & Bada Talab

Less common

 

8

Crperaceae

Cyperus triceps

H

Growing with grasses

 

Less common

 

Fimbristylis falcata

H

Edges of both the ponds

Less common

 

9

Poaceae

Apluda mutica

 

H

Among bushes and below the trees

Abundant

 

Aristida adscensionis

 

H

Open compact soil zone

Common

 

Arthraxon lanceolatus

 

H

Under Mahuwa trees near eastern edge of Pushkar Talab

Less common

 

A. lancifolius

 

H

Under Mahuwa trees near eastern edge of Pushkar Talab under Mahuwa trees

Less common

 

Bothriochloa pertusa

 

H

Growing among bushes

Less common

 

Brachiaria ramosa

H

Open areas

Common

 

B. raptans

H

Open areas

Common

 

Choris dolichostachya

 

H

On the walls of Bhand Deora and stony substratum below the Dhok trees

Rare

 

C. virgata

 

H

Open areas and among bushes

Less common

 

Chrysopogon fulvas

H

Stony-rocky terrain of hill slopes

Less common

 

Cynodon dactylon

H

Moist open areas and banks of streams towards foothills

Abundant

 

Dactylocteninum aegyptium

H

Open area

Abundant

 

Dendrocalamus strictus

S

Upper reaches of southern inner slope

Less common

Growing making small patches (5/E9 Dry Bamboo brakes)

Dicanthium annulatum

H

Growing among the bushes

Less common

 

Echinachloa colona

H

Edges of both the water bodies

Less common

 

Eragrostiella bifaria

H

Open stony patches

Less common

 

E. japonica

H

Open stony patches

Less common

 

Heteropogon contortus

H

Areas having better soil thickness

Less common

 

Melanocenchris jacquemonti

H

Compact open area suffering from erosion

Less common

 

Oplismenus burmannii

H

Shady places under Mahuwa and Mango groves

Common

 

Oropetium thomaeum

H

Rocky areas covered by thin layer of the soil

Less common

 

Oryza rufipogon

H

Ditches along the road leading to crater

Less common

 

Pennisetum orientale

H

Among busses of foothills

Less common

 

Phalaris minor

H

Wet patches

Less common

A winter season grass

Sehima nervosum

H

Among the bushes

Less common

 

Setaria verticillata

H

Shady places under Mahuwa and Mango groves

Less common

 

Sporobolus diander

H

Compact open patches

Less common

 

S. ioclados

H

Compact open patches

Less common

 

Tetrapogon tenelus

H

Degraded compact patches

Less common

 

 

 

Vetiveria zizanioides

H

Low lying areas

Less common

 

* Habit

Tree: T= Tree (Tall, medium sized), ST= Small tree/ Under tree

Shrub: S= Shrub, TS = Twining shrub, CS= Climbing shrub, SS= Scandent shrub/ Straggling shrub, TU= Twining undershrub, SU=Scandent undershrub, US= Undershrub,

Herb: H= Herb, TH= Twining herb, C= Climber

Figure 5: View of the Shiva temple as seen from the surrounding ruins at Ramgarh Crater.

Summary:

A total of 197 vascular plant species belonging to 65 families and 156 genera were documented during floristic surveys conducted between 2023 and July 2025. summary of the various taxa recorded during the present study is depicted below:

Table 4: Summary of Taxa

S. No.

Class

No. of Families

No. of Genera

No. of Species

1

Dicotyledons

56

119

154

2

Monocotyledons

9

37

43

 

Total

65

156

197

Figure 6: Variations in Dhonk (Anogeissus pendula) forest growth forms observed at Ramgarh Crater.

Main Forest Types:

Many forest types are confined to Ramgarh crater. Tropical dry deciduous forests are prevailing in the area. The biggest forest type of the area is 5/E1Anogeissus forest which is present on inner and outer slopes of the crater ring. Due to heavy anthropogenic pressure, degradation is seen on the slopes, especially towards outer slopes and 5/E1 – forest has converted into 5/E/DS1Anogeissus scrub at places. The 5/E5– Butea forests is present in the ‘bowl’ of the hilly ring. Once 5/E9 – Dry Bamboo brakes were prominent in the area but due to anthropogenic pressure, bamboo forest is under pressure. Still a beautiful patch of bamboo forest is present towards the upper reaches of inner face (northern aspect) in southern direction between Krishnayan Mata Ji and Brhamchaten Kund. This is not a pure patch of Dendrocalamius strictus but it is growing inter mixed with Anogeissus pendula (Terminalia pendula). Northern aspect remains more moist than southern aspect. Due to this moisture difference, northern aspect of southern part of the ring is supporting luxuriant bamboo growth.

Various storeyfication (stratification) patterns are observed across different forest types and localities within this region. The vertical structure of the forest near the eastern shore of Pushkar Talab, particularly near the Pucca Ghat area, is characterized by the following stratification pattern:

Table 5: Storeyfication in Butea dominated foothill forest.

Storey

Species composition

I- Top storey trees

Madhuca indica, Mengifera indica, Phoenix sylvestries, Butea monosperma, Tamarindus indica

II- Under storey trees

Diospyros cordifolia, Cassia fistula, Prosopis juliflora, Ehretia laevis, Flacourtia indica

IIa- Bamboo

Absent

III- Shrubs

Capparis sepiaria, Cassia sophera, Annona squamosa, Lantana camra, Dichrostachys cineria, Mimosa himalayana, Carissa spinarum, Adhatoda zeylanica, Kirganelia reticulata, Ficus hispida

IVa- Herbs

Sida acuta, Oxalis corniculate, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Desmodium triflorum, Cassia tora, C. uniflora, Tridax procumbens, Achyranthes aspera, Baliospermum montana,

IVb – Grasses

Apluda mutica, Arthraxon lanceolatus, A. lancifolius, Oplismenus burmannii, Seteria verticillate,

V – Climbers

Cocculus hirsutus, Cayratia carnosa, Cardiospermum helicacabum, Abrus precatorius, Galactia tenuiflora, Rhynchosia minima, Diplocyclos palmatus, Luffa acutangula, Dioscorea bulbifera

Density, species diversity, and vertical stratification are more pronounced in the lower zones, where deeper soils and better moisture availability create favourable conditions for vegetation growth, as indicated in Table 5. In contrast, the upper zones, characterized by shallower soils and limited moisture, exhibit comparatively lower species diversity and simpler forest structure. This pattern is particularly evident in the bamboo-dominated forest located in the upper hill slopes, as detailed in Table 6.

Table 6: Vegetation stratification in Bamboo forests on the upper hill reaches

Storey

Species composition

I & II Storey trees

Anogeissus pandula, Lannea coromandelica, Acacia catechu, Wrightia tinctoria, Ehretia laevis,

IIa- Bamboo

Dendrocalamus strictus

III- Shrubs

Grewia flavesens, Ziziphus xylopyrus, Securinega leucopirus,

IVa- Herbs

Hibiscus caesius, Elatraria acaulis, Indoneesiella echioides, Achyranthes aspera

IVb – Grasses

Apluda mutica, Chloris dolichostachya, Chrysopogon fulvus, Eragrostiella biferia, Heteropogon contortus

V – Climber

Asparagus racemohus

Ethnobotanical notes:

The Ramgarh Crater region historically supported a diverse range of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Sahariya, the local tribals were more dependent on this resource for their livelihood. In earlier times, the Butea monosperma-dominated forests were a major source of foliage used to make biodegradable leaf plates (pattals) and bowls (daunas). With the advent of disposable plastic and paper alternatives, this traditional practice has significantly declined. Butea flowers were also collected seasonally for their cultural and medicinal significance.

Even today, Cassia tora seeds and tuberous roots of Asparagus racemosus are harvested during the post-monsoon season by Sahariyas and other local (landless) residents and sold in regional markets, particularly in Shyopur Mandi (Rajasthan-Madhya Pradesh border), where demand for NTFPs remains high.

Bamboo was an important natural product of forest which was harvested by Sahariyas to prepare various handicraft items, especially to make different types of baskets. People say, that during ancient time, thick bamboo growth was present in the foothill but now this forest has disappeared in a large chunk of land and area has been occupied by Prosopis juliflora. Local “Basseda” Community is well known in basketry activities. Before the ‘era of Liquified Petroleum Gas’, fuel wood for cooking was collected by local tribals and other community from the crater forests.

Once, this area was well known for its Acacia catechu forests. Khirwa community of Hathiyadeh and Karvary villages used to extract Katha (Cutch) from Khair trees and used to trade in Madhya Pradesh. This practice, once economically significant, is now extinct.

Another traditional use involved the harvesting of Adhatoda zeylanica stems and branches, which were dried and used under terracotta roof tiles (khaprel) in rural Kuccha homes. This practice unintentionally regulated the growth of this hardy shrub. As modern roofing materials have replaced clay tiles, unchecked growth of Adhatoda has been observed in many patches.

Oral histories also report that several ‘Panwadi’ (betel leaf cultivation units) were historically active near the ponds within the crater. However, betel leaf production has now ceased entirely.

Acknowledgements:

We thank Sh. R.K. Khairwa, IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests; Sh. Aporva Shrivastava, IFS, Dy. CF.; Sh. Anil Yadav, RFS, Dy. CF.; Sh. Deepak Kumar Gautam, Forest Range Officer and Sh. Deepak Sharma, Forest Range Officer for assistance and support during the course of study.

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