Butterflies are diurnal, non-biting, non-stinging, six тАУ legged (3-paird) insects heaving 2 pairs of wings for flying. Both, butterflies and moths are collectively included in order Lepidoptera. Body of members of this order is covered with colored scales. They have four stages in their lifecycles namely, egg, caterpillar, pupa and imago or adult. Their caterpillar stage is a leaf eating stage; pupa, a fasting stage and adult represents a sucking phase of the life cycle. Mouth parts of an adult butterfly are formed for sucking and are in the form of a coiled tube or proboscis.
Order Lepidoptera is further divided in to two sub groups namely, Rhopalocera and Heterocera. All the butterflies are included in Rhopalocera while all the moths are classified in Heterocera taxa.
A biodiversity park has been developed in the Amberi Forest Block by the Forest Department Rajasthan known as тАЬMewar Biodiversity ParkтАЭ. It was inaugurated on February 26, 2016. To create mass awareness about the butterflies, a butterfly park was developed inside the тАЬMewar Biodiversity Park, Amberi, UdaipurтАЭ. It was inaugurated on June 24, 2024. ┬аSo far 83 species of the butterflies have been recorded in this butterfly park. For the benefit of tourists coming to visit the butterfly park, a field guide has been developed by the park authorities to make butterfly identification easy. Many larval host and nectar plants are naturally growing in and around the butterfly park (Fig-1&2). Besides naturally growing pants a large number of larval hosts and nectar providing species have been planted to enrich the habitat quality of the park. Monsoon and summer are the best period to visit the park. Few or all four stages of the butterflies namely, egg, caterpillar, pupa and imago can be seen in this park after limited efforts only.
Figure 1: Gateway of Butterly Park, Amberi, Udaipur
Many walk ways have been developed in the butterfly park. Using these paths, visitors can reach at different corners of the park very easily. The micro habitat and micro climate of the park is very congenial to different species of butterflies and moths. Suitable mud puddling points are also developed to meet out the biological needs of the butterflies.
Figure 2: Vegetation of Butterfly Park Amberi
A list of the butterflies, so far seen in the Butterfly Park Amberi and their larval hosts are shown below in table 1:
TABLE 1: BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR LARVAL HOSTS CONFINED IN AND AROUND THE BUTTERFLY PARK AMBERI
S. No.
Name of butterfly species
Name of host species useful as larval host
Common Name
Latin Name
1.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Common rose
Pachliopta aristolochiae
Aristolochia indica, A. brateolata
2.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Crimson rose
Pachliopta hector
Aristolochia indica
3.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Lime
Papilio demoleus
Aegle marmelose, Citrus limon
4.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Common Mormon
Paplilio polytes
Aegle marmelose, Citrus limon
5.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Tailed jay
Graphium Agamemnon
Polyalthia longifolia, Annona squamosa
6.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Common jay
Graphium doson
Polyalthia longifolia, Annona squamosa
7.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Spot swordtail
Graphium namius
Miliusa tomentosa
8.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Common grass yellow
Eurema hecabe
Pithecellobium dulce, Cassia tora
9.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Spotless grass yellow
Eurema laeta
Cassia pumila
10.┬а ┬а
Small grass yellow
Eurema brigittav
Cassia pumila
11.┬а ┬а
Common emigrant
Catopsilia pomona
Cassia siamea, C. fistula
12.┬а ┬а
Mottled emigrant
Catopsilia pyranthe
Cassia siamea, C. occidentalis
13.┬а ┬а
Psyche
Eptosia nina
Capparis sepiaria
14.┬а ┬а
Pioneer
Belenois aurota
Capparis sepiaria, C. decidua
15.┬а ┬а
Little orange-tip
Colotis etrida
Capparis decidua, Maerua oblongifolia
16.┬а ┬а
White orange-tip
Ixias marianne
Capparis sepiaria, C. decidua
17.┬а ┬а
Yellow orange-tip
Ixias pyrene
Capparis sepiaria
18.┬а ┬а
Common gull
Cepora Nerissa
Capparis sepiaria, C. decidua
19.┬а ┬а
Common jezebel
Delias eucharis
Dendrophthoe falcata
20.┬а ┬а
Western striped albatross
Appias libythea
Maerua oblongifolia, Crateva spp.
21.┬а ┬а
Large salmon arab
Colotis fausta
Maerua oblongifolia
22.┬а ┬а
Tiny grass blue
Zizula hylax
Ruellia patula, R. prostata
23.┬а ┬а
Grass Jewel
Fregyeria putii
Indigofera linnaei, Indigofera cordifolia
24.┬а ┬а
Pea blue
Lempides boeticus
Butea monosperma, Lablab purpureus
25.┬а ┬а
Zebra blue
Leptotes plinius
Plumbago zeylanica, Albizia lebbek
26.┬а ┬а
Gram blue
Euchrysops cnejus
Euchrysops cnejus
27.┬а ┬а
Forget-me-not
Ccotochrysops strabo
Butea monosperma, Tephrosia purpurea
28.┬а ┬а
Striped pierrot
Tarucus nara
Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus nummularia
29.┬а ┬а
Black-spotted pierrot
Tarucus balkanicus
Ziziphus mauritiana
30.┬а ┬а
Common pierrot
Castalius rosimon
Ziziphus mauritiana
31.┬а ┬а
Red pierrot
Talicada nyseus
Bryophyllum pinnatum, Kalanchoe spp.
32.┬а ┬а
Lime blue
Chilades lajus
Citrus limon, Citrus spp.
33.┬а ┬а
Small cupid
Chilades parrhasius
Prosopis cineraria, Acacia leucophloea
34.┬а ┬а
Plains cupid
Chilades pandava
Cycas revoluta
35.┬а ┬а
Indian cupid
Everes lacturnus
Desmodium gangeticum
36.┬а ┬а
Lesser grass blue
Zizina otis
Alysicarpus vaginalis, Desmodium triflorum
37.┬а ┬а
Dark grass blue
Zizeeria karsanadra
Amaranthus viridis, Tribulus terrestris
38.┬а ┬а
Pale grass blue
Pseudozizeeria maha
Oxalis corniculate
39.┬а ┬а
African babul blue
Azanus jesous
Acacia leucophloea
40.┬а ┬а
Bright babul blue
Azanus ubaldus
Acacia nilotica, Acacia leucophloea
41.┬а ┬а
Tailless lineblue
Prosotas dubiosa
Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis cineraria
42.┬а ┬а
Indian red flash
Rapala airbus
Acacia leucophloea, Butea monosperma
43.┬а ┬а
Common silverline
Spindasis vulcanus
Clerodendrum phlomidis, Ziziphus mauriatiana
44.┬а ┬а
Common shot silverline
Spindasis ictis
Clerodendrum phlomidis, Ziziphus mauriatiana
45.┬а ┬а
Plumbeous silverline
Spindasis schistacea
Acacia spp.
46.┬а ┬а
Common cerulean
Jamides celeno
Pongamia pinnata
47.┬а ┬а
Common guava blue
Virachola Isocrates
Psidium guajava
48.┬а ┬а
Plains blue royal
Tajuria jehana
Dendrophthoe falcata
49.┬а ┬а
Indian sunbeam
Curetis thetis
Pongamia pinnata, Abrus precatorius
50.┬а ┬а
Danaid eggfly
Hypolimans misippus
Portulaca oleracea, Elytraria acaulis
51.┬а ┬а
Great eggfly
Hypolimans bolina
Sida rhombifolia, Rungia spp.
52.┬а ┬а
Blue pansy
Junonia orithya
Lindenbergia muraria, Ruellia prostate
53.┬а ┬а
Lemon pansy
Junonia lemonias
Barleria prionitis, Ruellia tuberosa
54.┬а ┬а
Peacock pansy
Junonia almana
Phyla nodiflora, Hygrophila auriculata
55.┬а ┬а
Yellow pansy
Junonia hierta
Barleria prionitis, Ruellia tuberosa
56.┬а ┬а
Grey pansy
Junonia atlites
Hygrophila auriculata
57.┬а ┬а
Chocolate pansy
Junonia iphita
Barleria cristata
58.┬а ┬а
Painted lady
Vanessa cardui
Echinops echinatus
59.┬а ┬а
Black rajah
Charaxes solon
Tamarindus indicus, Pithecellobium dulce
60.┬а ┬а
Anomalous nawab
Charaxes agrarius
Acacia catechu
61.┬а ┬а
Common evening brown
Melanitis leda
Oryza sativa, Sorghum spp.
62.┬а ┬а
Common three-ring
Ypthima asterope
Cynodon dactylon
63.┬а ┬а
Common four-ring
Papilio demoleus
Cynodon dactylon
64.┬а ┬а
Baronet
Symphaedra nais
Diospyros melanoxylon
65.┬а ┬а
Common sailer
Neptis hylas
Desmodium spp.
66.┬а ┬а
Common castor
Ariadne merione
Ricinus communis, Tragia plukenetii
67.┬а ┬а
Tawany coster
Acraea terpsicore
Passiflora foetida, P. incarnata
68.┬а ┬а
Common leopard
Phalanta phalantha
Flacourtia indica
69.┬а ┬а
Plain tiger
Danaus chrysippus
Calotropis gigantea, Pergularia daemia
70.┬а ┬а
Striped tiger
Danaus genutia
Ceropegia bulbosa
71.┬а ┬а
Common Indian crow
Euploea core
Carissa carandas, Nerium oleander
72.┬а ┬а
Blue tiger
Tirumala limniace
Dregea volubilis
73.┬а ┬а
Indian palm bob
Suastus gremius
Cocos nucifera, Phoenix sylvestris
74.┬а ┬а
Rice swift
Borbo cinnara
Cymbopogen spp., Echinochloa colona
75.┬а ┬а
Small branded swift
Pelopidas mathias
Zea mays, Oryaza sativa
76.┬а ┬а
Swift sp.
Parnara sp.
Setaria spp., Oryaza sativa
77.┬а ┬а
Common banded awl
Hasora chromus
Pongamia pinnata
78.┬а ┬а
Brown awl
Badamia exclamationis
Terminalia bellirica
79.┬а ┬а
Indian skipper
Spialia galba
Waltheria indica, Sida spinosa
80.┬а ┬а
Zebra skipper
Ernsta zebra
Melhania futteyporensis
81.┬а ┬а
Pale palm- dart
Telicota colon
Saccharum officinarum
82.┬а ┬а
Spotted small flat
Sarangesa purendra
Lepidagathis trinervis
83.┬а ┬а
Tricolor pied flat
Coladenia indrani
Mallotus phillipensis
Many nectar providing species like Adhatoda vasica, Calotropis gigantea, C. procera, Salvia spp., Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia caducifolia, Eharatia laevis, Clerodendron phlamoides, Asclepias curassavica, Buddleia davidii, Vernonia spp., Zinnia spp., Lavender, Marigold, Sunflower, Daisy, Dandelion, Tridex procumbens, Leucas aspera, Anisomeles indica, Leonotis nepetiifolia, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis etc. are also planted in beds and pots to attract the butterflies to feed.
Like butterfly park, other thematic parks like climber park, bush park (shrubbery), euphorbia park, ficus park, ziziphus park, grass park (grassetum), bamboo park (bambusetum), fern park (fernery), rose park (rosery), orchid park (orchidarium) etc. should be developed and maintained regularly for awareness and nature education.┬а
A few years back Menar was not so known in the area as it is known today. Menar is a small village on the Udaipur тАУ Chittorgarh National Highway (NH 76), 50km away from Udaipur City. It is a Menaria Brahmin-dominated┬аvillage. This village is well known for its cultural legacy. Two beautiful water bodies are present in this village nearly 1 km apart from each other which have created a new history in recent years. The small-sized waterbody is present towards the northwest outskirts of the village, called Braham Talab. A giant Lord Shiva statue is present on the embankment of this pond in a sitting posture. Another big-sized pond called Dhand Talab is present towards the southern end of the village near Menar тАУ Bhinder Road. Both the ponds have beautiful earthen embankments. Many old, aged mango trees (Mangifera indica) are present on each embankment. A big-sized colony of a Megabat species, the Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) is present among the Mango trees of Braham Talab.
Menar is known to protect its wetlands and avifauna. Village people are very pro-nature. They have been conserving their wetlands and birds since ancient times. Forest Department, Rajasthan started celebrating the тАЬUdaipur Bird FestivalтАЭ in 2014. Every year the birders participating in the Udaipur Bird Festival, reach Menar wetlands for bird watching. Local media also played a vital role in highlighting the conservation ethos and practices of the local community to protect their wetlands and avifauna. In 2016, the Bombay Natural History Society and BirdLife International notified both тАШMenar PondsтАЩ as an Important Bird Area (IBA). Presently, Rajasthan has 31 Important Bird Areas and Menar is one of them. More than 100 species are known from Menar village ponds and surrounding habitats. Many Critically Endangered, Vulnerable and Near Threatened species are known from waterbodies and surrounding terrestrial habitats as shown below:
Category
Common English name of the bird
Latin name
Critical Endangered
White-rumped Vulture
Gyps bengalensis
Endangered
Egyptian Vulture
Neophron percnopterus
Vulnerable
Sarus Crane
Grus antigone
Indian Skimmer
Rhynchops albicollis
White-naped Tit
Parus nuchalis
Near Threatened
Oriental Darter
Anhinga melanogaster
Spot-billed Pelican
Pelecanus philippensis
Painted Stork
Mycteria leucocephala
Black-necked Stork
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
Lesser Flamingo
Phoeniconaiaf minor
Ferruginous Duck
Aythya nyroca
Black-tailed Godwit
Limosa limosa
Black-headed Ibis
Threskiornis melanocephala
Great Thick-knee
Esacus recurvirostris
River Tern
Sterna aurantia
European Roller
Coracias garrulus
Alexandrine Parakeet
Psittacula eupatria
A journey from an ordinary village pond to an important bird area:
During the last one-decade, Menar became an important birding destination not only in Rajasthan but in India as well. Gradually, this small village is also establishing its shining presence on the world birding map. So far, many honours and titles have been credited to the account of this bird village. A few of them are as follows:
S. no.
Year
Event
1.
2014
First Udaipur Bird Fair birders team reached for bird watching. From 2014 to 2023 birders participating in the Udaipur Bird Festival are regularly visiting the Menar Wetland complex.
2.
2016
Menar became an IBA site.
3.
2021
A bird fair was celebrated on December 14, 2021, by the Rajasthan Patrika at IBA Menar.
4.
2023
Menar Village was awarded the тАЬBest Tourism Village 2023тАЭ in the silver category by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.
The audience award is given to the film тАЬWings of Hope: A Bustling Village and Their Bird FriendsтАЭ by тАЬThe UN World Wildlife Day Film ShowcaseтАЭ. This film is related to the wetland and bird conservation legacy of Menar village.
Menar village wetlands were declared as a notified тАЬwetlandтАЭ by the Government of Rajasthan.
Beyond Important Bird Area:
Now Forest Department, Rajasthan is trying to make the Menar wetland complex a Ramsar Site. The required proposal has been prepared by the department. Hopefully, soon one more feather will be in the turban of Menar village.
Impact of Menar conservation legacy:
Menar has become a conservation model in Rajasthan. Many wetlands like Nagawali, Badwai, Kishan Kareri, Kheroda, Ramakheda, Puthiyan, Rundeda, Bhinder, Roma Talab (Mangalwad), Menpuria, Bhatewar, Bhupalsagar etc. which are present in the vicinity of Menar village are now on the way to become new тАЬMenarsтАЭ in southern Rajasthan. There is a competition in various villages to protect their wetlands like the people of Menar are doing. The conservation ethos of the people of Menar Village is now inspiring many villages of southern Rajasthan to protect and conserve their village wetlands and the aquatic fauna and flora present there.
Local youth earn their livelihood through birding (Photo: Umesh Menaria).
A stone at Bhupalsagar, dated back May 05, 1937, tells the story of wetland and bird conservation in the Mewar region (Photo: Author).
рдЧрдВрдЧрд╛ рд░рд┐рд╕рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рдЧрд░реНрд╡реАрд▓рд╛ рдЬрд╡рд╛рди (1908 Watercolour by Major Alfred Crowdy Lovett. National Army Museum, UK)