Bansyal- Khetri – Bagor Conservation Reserve is situated in Khetri tehsil of Jhunjhunu district in Rajasthan state. It was notified as a Conservation Reserve by the Government of Rajasthan through notification number F3 (13) Forest/2016, dated April 10, 2018 under the Section 36A of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Area of Khetri-48, a Protected Forest block of Jhunjhunu Forest Division is included in this conservation reserve. Area of the reserve is 3966.654 ha.
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а Once, hills of the area were clade by the dense Anogeissus pendula forest (5B/E1Forest) but due to heavy biotic pressure, Anogeissus pendula has reached in its degraded form at most of the places and now instead of 5B/E1Forest it has acquired the shape of 5B/E1/DS1 Anogeissus scrub. Two types of forests are confined to the area namely, 5B-Northern tropical dry deciduous forests and 6B- Northern tropical thorn forests. Many subtypes of these two major types of forests are present in the area (Hudda, 2019). A list of present main subtypes of the forests is given below:
Table 1: Forest types of the area
S. No.
Major forest type
General edaphic type
General degradation type
Seral type
1
5B тАУ Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
C2 тАУ Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest
5B/E1/DS1 тАУ Anogeissus scrub
DS1 тАУ Dry deciduous scrub
DS3 тАУ Euphorbia scrub
DS4 тАУ Dry grassland
2
6B тАУ Northern Tropical Thorn Forests
C1 тАУ Desert Thorn Forests
E1 тАУ Acacia senegal forest
E4 тАУ Salvadora scrub
E1/DS1/IS1 тАУ Desert dune forest and desert dune scrub
DS1 тАУ Ziziphus scrub
DS2 тАУ Tropical Euphorbia scrub
Environment condition:
This area is prone to aridity as rainfall is low, varying from 350mm to 450 mm per annum. Perennial streams and rivers are missing in the area. Winters are severe over here and temperature falls as low as 0┬░C. to -3┬░C. Summers are hot and temperature rises up to 45┬░C to 47┬░C.
Few planted rarities:
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а Chirani forest nursery is close to the area. Two Mahogani (Swietenia mahogani) trees are present in the nursery which are 20-25 years old. Four Mopane (Colophospermum mopane) trees are also present in this nursery. These planted rarities should be protected.
Wild animals:
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а Bansyal- Khetri- Bagor Conservation Reserve is an abode of many mammalian species like Northern plains Langur (Semnopithecus entellus), Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii), Common leopard (Panthera pardus), Jungle cat (Felis chaus), Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), Grey mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii), Striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena), Grey wolf (Canis lupus), Golden jackal (C. aureus), Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis), Desert fox (V. v. pusilla), Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis), House shrew (Suncus murinus), Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), Five- striped squirreal (Funanbulus pennantii), Indian desert jird (Meriones hurrianae), Indian long тАУ tailed tree mouse (Vandeleuria oleracea) etc. Once tiger (Panthera tigris) and its main prey base Sambar (Rusa unicolor) were common in the hilly forested area but now tiger has gone and common leopard has become an apex predator. Till 2010, a small population of Sambar was present in the forest area but now their numbers are decreasing. Forest Department should start Sambar restoration plan in the area. This is the SambarтАЩs western most gene pool of Rajasthan.
The gaps in knowledge of local flora:
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а Information about floral diversity of forests of Jhunjhunu district can be had from the working plan of the district (Rathore, 2012) but┬а┬а Bansyal- Khetri- Bagor Conservation Reserve was not in existence at the time of starting of this working plan. Hence, no specific information is available in this working plan about the conservation reserve. Hudda (2019) has prepared the first management plan of this conservation reserve but information about floral diversity is very scanty in this plan. Therefore, to bridge this gap, present study was done.
Scrub-covered hill slopes of the BansyalтАУKhetriтАУBagor landscape, representing northern tropical thorn and dry deciduous vegetation shaped by low rainfall and shallow rocky soils. Image: Praveen
Methodology
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а Area was visited many times from 2018 to 2025. Three season field surveys were done during winters, summers and rains to list the flora. Help of existing floras (Bhandri, 1990; Shetty and Singh, 1987,1991,1993) were taken to identify the plant species in the field. To identify the grass flora, special surveys were done late in the monsoon season when grasses are found in flowering stage. Rainy season was found very useful to record the tuberous and ephemeral species. During rainy season, aerial parts of tuberous species become visible and field identification also become easy. Help of local forest field staff was taken to prob the area.
Flora of Bansyal- Khetri- Bagor Conservation Reserve:
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а The findings of the surveys are presented below:
Table 2: Dicot flora of Bansyal- Khetri- Bagor Conservation Reserve
S. No.
Family
Scientific name
Habit*
1
Menispermaceae
Cissampelos pareira
TS
Tinospora cordifolia
CS
Cocculus hirsutus
SS
Cocculus pendulus
SS
2
Papaveraceae
Argemone mexicana
H
3
Fumariaceae
Fumaria indica
H
4
Cleomaceae
Cleome gynandra
H
5
Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium irio
H
6
Capparaceae
Capparis decidua
S / ST
Capparis sepiaria
SS
Crateva odora
T
Maerua oblongifolia
S
7
Caryophyllaceae
Polycarpaea corymbosa
H
8
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea
H
9
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix aphylla
T
10
Flacourtiaceae
Flacourtia indica
S / ST
11
Malvaceae
Abutilon indicum
US
Abutilon ramosum
S
Hibiscus caesius
H
Hibiscus micranthus
H
Malvastrum coromandelianum
H
Sida acuta
US
Sida cordata
H
Sida cordifolia
US
12
Sterculiaceae
Melhania futteyporensis
US
Sterculia urens
T
Waltheria indica
H
13
Tiliaceae
Corchorus aestuans
H
Corchorus depressus
H
Corchorus tridens
H
Corchorus trilocularis
H
Grewia damine
S
Grewia flavescens
S
Grewia tenax
S
Triumfetta pentandra
H
14
Zygophyllaceae
Tribulus terrestris
H
15
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis corniculata
H
16
Rutaceae
Limonia acidissima
T
17
Simaroubaceae
Ailanthus excelsa
T
18
Balanitaceae
Balanites aegyptiaca
T
19
Burseraceae
Boswellia serrata
T
Commiphora wightii
S
20
Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica
T
Melia azedarach
T
21
Celastraceae
Maytenus senegalensis
T
22
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus glabrata
T
Ziziphus mauritiana
T
Ziziphus nummularia
S
Ziziphus xylopyrus
UT
23
Vitaceae
Cayratia carnosa
C
24
Sapindaceae
Cardiospermum halicacabum
C
25
Anacardiaceae
Lannea coromandelica
T
Rhus mysorensis
S
26
Moringaceae
Moringa concanensis
T
Moringa oleifera
T
27
Fabaceae
Abrus precatorius
TH
Alhagi maurorum
S
Alysicarpus vaginalis
H
Butea monosperma
T
Clitoria ternatea
TH
Crotalaria burhia
H
Crotalaria medicaginea
H
Desmodium triflorum
H
Indigofera linifolia
H
Indigofera linnaei
H
Melilotus alba
H
Melilotus indica
H
Mucuna pruriens
TH
Rhynchosia minima
TH
Tephrosia villosa
US
Tephrosia purpurea
H
Trigonella hamosa
H
28
Caesalpiniaceae
Bauhinia racemosa
T
Cassia auriculata
S
Cassia italica
H
Cassia fistula
T
Cassia pumila
H
Senna tora
H
Tamarindus indica
T
29
Mimosaceae
Acacia catechu
T
Acacia jacquemontii
S
Acacia leucophloea
T
Acacia nilotica
T
Acacia senegal
T
Acacia tortilis
T
Dichrostachys cinerea
S
Mimosa hamata
S
Prosopis juliflora
T
Prosopis cineraria
T
30
Combretaceae
Anogeissus pendula
T
Anogeissus sericea var. nummularia
T
31
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus colocynthis
C
Cucumis melo var. agrestis
C
Cucumis prophetarum
C
Mukia maderaspatana
C
Coccinia grandis
C
Diplocyclos palmatus
H
Luffa acutangula
C
Momordica balsamina
C
Momordica charantia
C
Momordica dioica
C
32
Cactaceae
Opuntia elatior
S
33
Molluginaceae
Mollugo cerviana
H
34
Aizoaceae
Trianthema portulacastrum
H
Zaleya govinda
H
35
Rubiaceae
Borreria articularis
H
Borreria pusilla
H
Mitragyna parvifolia
T
36
Asteraceae
Acanthospermum hispidum
H
Ageratum conyzoides
H
Ageratum houstonianum
H
Bidens biternata
H
Blumea lacera
H
Caesulia axillaris
H
Echinops echinatus
H
Launaea resedifolia
H
Oligochaeta ramosa
H
Parthenium hysterophorus
H
Pulicaria crispa
H
Sonchus asper
H
Tridax procumbens
H
Vernonia cinerea
H
Verbesina encelioides
H
Xanthium strumarium
H
37
Salvadoraceae
Salvadora oleoides
T
Salvadora persica
T
38
Apocynaceae
Catharanthus pusillus
H
Wrightia tinctoria
T
39
Asclepiadaceae
Calotropis procera
S
Ceropegia bulbosa
C
Leptadenia pyrotechnica
S
Pergularia daemia
TU
Pentropis spiralis
C
Wattakaka volubilis
TS
40
Periplocaceae
Cryptostegia grandiflora
SS
Hemidesmus indicus
SU
41
Gentianaceae
Enicostema verticillatum
H
42
Boraginaceae
Arnebia hispidissima
H
Heliotropium bacciferum
H
43
Ehretiaceae
Cordia dichotoma
T
Cordia gharaf
T
Ehretia laevis
T
44
Convolvulaceae
Evolvulus alsinoides
H
Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa
S
Ipomoea coptica
TH
Ipomoea dichroa
TH
Ipomoea nil
TH
Ipomoea obscura
TH
Ipomoea pes-tigridis
TH
Merremia emarginata
H
Rivea hypocrateriformis
CH
45
Cuscutaceae
Cuscuta chinensis
H
Cuscuta reflexa
H
46
Solanaceae
Datura innoxia
H
Lycium barbarum
S
Physalis minima
H
Physalis peruviana
H
Solanum xanthocarpum
H
Solanum nigrum
H
Withania somnifera
US
47
Scrophulariaceae
Kickxia ramosissima
H
Lindenbergia muraria
H
Verbascum chinense
H
48
Bignoniaceae
Tecomella undulata
T
49
Pedaliaceae
Pedalium murex
H
Sesamum indicum
H
Sesamum mulayanum
H
50
Martyniaceae
Martynia annua
H
51
Acanthaceae
Adhatoda zeylanica
S
Barleria prionitis
US
Dipteracanthus patulus
H
Elytraria acaulis
H
Justicia procumbens
H
Peristrophe paniculata
H
52
Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum phlomidis
S
Lantana camara
S
53
Lamiaceae
Leucas aspera
H
Leucas cephalotes
H
Ocimum canum
H
Salvia aegyptiaca
H
54
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa
H
Commicarpus verticillatus
H
55
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes aspera
H
Celosia argentea
H
Digera muricata
H
Pupalia lappacea
H
56
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album
H
Chenopodium murale
H
57
Polygonaceae
Polygonum glabrum
H
Polygonum plebeium
H
Rumex dentatus
H
58
Loranthaceae
Dendrophthoe falcata
S
59
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia caducifolia
S
Euphorbia hirta
H
Euphorbia microphylla
H
Jatropha gossypifolia
S
Phyllanthus fraternus
H
Ricinus communis
ST
Securinega leucopyrus
S
60
Ulmaceae
Holoptelea integrifolia
T
61
Moraceae
Ficus arnottiana
T
Ficus benghalensis
T
Ficus racemosa
T
Ficus religiosa
T
Table 3: Monocot flora of Bansyal- Khetri- Bagor conservation reserve
S. No.
Family
Scientific name
Habit*
1
Hydrocharitaceae
Hydrilla verticillata
H
2
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera
TH
3
Liliaceae
Asphodelus tenuifolius
H
Asparagus racemosus
SU
Dipcadi erythraeum
H
Urginea indica
H
4
Commelinaceae
Commelina benghalensis
H
Commelina erecta
H
Commelina forskalaei
H
Cyanotis cristata
H
5
Arecaceae
Phoenix sylvestris
T
6
Lemnaceae
Lemna perpusilla
H
Spirodela polyrhiza
H
Wolffia microscopica
H
7
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton crispus
H
Potamogeton pectinatus
H
8
Typhaceae
Typha angustata
H
9
Cyperaceae
Cyperus arenarius
H
Cyperus atkinsonii
H
Cyperus difformis
H
Cyperus iria
H
Cyperus rotundus
H
Cyperus triceps
H
Eleocharis atropurpurea
H
Fimbristylis barbata
H
Fimbristylis tenera
H
Scirpus roylei
H
10
Poaceae
Apluda mutica
H
Aristida adscensionis
H
Aristida funiculata
H
Arthraxon lanceolatus
H
Bothriochloa pertusa
H
Brachiaria ramosa
H
Brachiaria raptans
H
Cenchrus biflorus
H
Cenchrus ciliaris
H
Cenchrus setigerus
H
Chloris barbata
H
Chloris virgata
H
Chrysopogon fulvus
H
Cymbopogon martinii
H
Cymbopogon jwarancusa
H
Cynodon dactylon
H
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
H
Dactyloctenium sindicum
H
Desmostachya bipinnata
H
Dichanthium annulatum
H
Digitaria pennata
H
Echinochloa colona
H
Eleusine coracana
H
Eragrostis ciliaris
H
Eragrostis minor
H
Eragrostis tenella
H
Heteropogon contortus
H
Melanocenchris jacquemontii
H
Oplismenus burmannii
H
Oropetium thomaeum
H
Panicum antidotale
H
Panicum turgidum
H
Perotis indica
H
Phragmites karka
H
Saccharum bengalense
H
Saccharum spontaneum
H
Sehima nervosum
H
Setaria verticillata
H
Sporobolus diander
H
Sporobolus ioclados
H
Sorghum halepense
H
Stipagrostis plumosa
H
Tetrapogon tenellus
H
Tetrapogon villosus
H
Tragus roxburghii
H
Urochloa panicoides
H
Vetiveria zizanioides
H
* Habit
Tree: ┬аT= Tree (Tall, medium sized), ST= Small tree/ Under tree
Butterflies are diurnal, non-biting, non-stinging, six тАУ legged (3-paird) insects heaving 2 pairs of wings for flying. Both, butterflies and moths are collectively included in order Lepidoptera. Body of members of this order is covered with colored scales. They have four stages in their lifecycles namely, egg, caterpillar, pupa and imago or adult. Their caterpillar stage is a leaf eating stage; pupa, a fasting stage and adult represents a sucking phase of the life cycle. Mouth parts of an adult butterfly are formed for sucking and are in the form of a coiled tube or proboscis.
Order Lepidoptera is further divided in to two sub groups namely, Rhopalocera and Heterocera. All the butterflies are included in Rhopalocera while all the moths are classified in Heterocera taxa.
A biodiversity park has been developed in the Amberi Forest Block by the Forest Department Rajasthan known as тАЬMewar Biodiversity ParkтАЭ. It was inaugurated on February 26, 2016. To create mass awareness about the butterflies, a butterfly park was developed inside the тАЬMewar Biodiversity Park, Amberi, UdaipurтАЭ. It was inaugurated on June 24, 2024. ┬аSo far 83 species of the butterflies have been recorded in this butterfly park. For the benefit of tourists coming to visit the butterfly park, a field guide has been developed by the park authorities to make butterfly identification easy. Many larval host and nectar plants are naturally growing in and around the butterfly park (Fig-1&2). Besides naturally growing pants a large number of larval hosts and nectar providing species have been planted to enrich the habitat quality of the park. Monsoon and summer are the best period to visit the park. Few or all four stages of the butterflies namely, egg, caterpillar, pupa and imago can be seen in this park after limited efforts only.
Figure 1: Gateway of Butterly Park, Amberi, Udaipur
Many walk ways have been developed in the butterfly park. Using these paths, visitors can reach at different corners of the park very easily. The micro habitat and micro climate of the park is very congenial to different species of butterflies and moths. Suitable mud puddling points are also developed to meet out the biological needs of the butterflies.
Figure 2: Vegetation of Butterfly Park Amberi
A list of the butterflies, so far seen in the Butterfly Park Amberi and their larval hosts are shown below in table 1:
TABLE 1: BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR LARVAL HOSTS CONFINED IN AND AROUND THE BUTTERFLY PARK AMBERI
S. No.
Name of butterfly species
Name of host species useful as larval host
Common Name
Latin Name
1.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Common rose
Pachliopta aristolochiae
Aristolochia indica, A. brateolata
2.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Crimson rose
Pachliopta hector
Aristolochia indica
3.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Lime
Papilio demoleus
Aegle marmelose, Citrus limon
4.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Common Mormon
Paplilio polytes
Aegle marmelose, Citrus limon
5.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Tailed jay
Graphium Agamemnon
Polyalthia longifolia, Annona squamosa
6.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Common jay
Graphium doson
Polyalthia longifolia, Annona squamosa
7.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Spot swordtail
Graphium namius
Miliusa tomentosa
8.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Common grass yellow
Eurema hecabe
Pithecellobium dulce, Cassia tora
9.┬а┬а┬а┬а ┬а
Spotless grass yellow
Eurema laeta
Cassia pumila
10.┬а ┬а
Small grass yellow
Eurema brigittav
Cassia pumila
11.┬а ┬а
Common emigrant
Catopsilia pomona
Cassia siamea, C. fistula
12.┬а ┬а
Mottled emigrant
Catopsilia pyranthe
Cassia siamea, C. occidentalis
13.┬а ┬а
Psyche
Eptosia nina
Capparis sepiaria
14.┬а ┬а
Pioneer
Belenois aurota
Capparis sepiaria, C. decidua
15.┬а ┬а
Little orange-tip
Colotis etrida
Capparis decidua, Maerua oblongifolia
16.┬а ┬а
White orange-tip
Ixias marianne
Capparis sepiaria, C. decidua
17.┬а ┬а
Yellow orange-tip
Ixias pyrene
Capparis sepiaria
18.┬а ┬а
Common gull
Cepora Nerissa
Capparis sepiaria, C. decidua
19.┬а ┬а
Common jezebel
Delias eucharis
Dendrophthoe falcata
20.┬а ┬а
Western striped albatross
Appias libythea
Maerua oblongifolia, Crateva spp.
21.┬а ┬а
Large salmon arab
Colotis fausta
Maerua oblongifolia
22.┬а ┬а
Tiny grass blue
Zizula hylax
Ruellia patula, R. prostata
23.┬а ┬а
Grass Jewel
Fregyeria putii
Indigofera linnaei, Indigofera cordifolia
24.┬а ┬а
Pea blue
Lempides boeticus
Butea monosperma, Lablab purpureus
25.┬а ┬а
Zebra blue
Leptotes plinius
Plumbago zeylanica, Albizia lebbek
26.┬а ┬а
Gram blue
Euchrysops cnejus
Euchrysops cnejus
27.┬а ┬а
Forget-me-not
Ccotochrysops strabo
Butea monosperma, Tephrosia purpurea
28.┬а ┬а
Striped pierrot
Tarucus nara
Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus nummularia
29.┬а ┬а
Black-spotted pierrot
Tarucus balkanicus
Ziziphus mauritiana
30.┬а ┬а
Common pierrot
Castalius rosimon
Ziziphus mauritiana
31.┬а ┬а
Red pierrot
Talicada nyseus
Bryophyllum pinnatum, Kalanchoe spp.
32.┬а ┬а
Lime blue
Chilades lajus
Citrus limon, Citrus spp.
33.┬а ┬а
Small cupid
Chilades parrhasius
Prosopis cineraria, Acacia leucophloea
34.┬а ┬а
Plains cupid
Chilades pandava
Cycas revoluta
35.┬а ┬а
Indian cupid
Everes lacturnus
Desmodium gangeticum
36.┬а ┬а
Lesser grass blue
Zizina otis
Alysicarpus vaginalis, Desmodium triflorum
37.┬а ┬а
Dark grass blue
Zizeeria karsanadra
Amaranthus viridis, Tribulus terrestris
38.┬а ┬а
Pale grass blue
Pseudozizeeria maha
Oxalis corniculate
39.┬а ┬а
African babul blue
Azanus jesous
Acacia leucophloea
40.┬а ┬а
Bright babul blue
Azanus ubaldus
Acacia nilotica, Acacia leucophloea
41.┬а ┬а
Tailless lineblue
Prosotas dubiosa
Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis cineraria
42.┬а ┬а
Indian red flash
Rapala airbus
Acacia leucophloea, Butea monosperma
43.┬а ┬а
Common silverline
Spindasis vulcanus
Clerodendrum phlomidis, Ziziphus mauriatiana
44.┬а ┬а
Common shot silverline
Spindasis ictis
Clerodendrum phlomidis, Ziziphus mauriatiana
45.┬а ┬а
Plumbeous silverline
Spindasis schistacea
Acacia spp.
46.┬а ┬а
Common cerulean
Jamides celeno
Pongamia pinnata
47.┬а ┬а
Common guava blue
Virachola Isocrates
Psidium guajava
48.┬а ┬а
Plains blue royal
Tajuria jehana
Dendrophthoe falcata
49.┬а ┬а
Indian sunbeam
Curetis thetis
Pongamia pinnata, Abrus precatorius
50.┬а ┬а
Danaid eggfly
Hypolimans misippus
Portulaca oleracea, Elytraria acaulis
51.┬а ┬а
Great eggfly
Hypolimans bolina
Sida rhombifolia, Rungia spp.
52.┬а ┬а
Blue pansy
Junonia orithya
Lindenbergia muraria, Ruellia prostate
53.┬а ┬а
Lemon pansy
Junonia lemonias
Barleria prionitis, Ruellia tuberosa
54.┬а ┬а
Peacock pansy
Junonia almana
Phyla nodiflora, Hygrophila auriculata
55.┬а ┬а
Yellow pansy
Junonia hierta
Barleria prionitis, Ruellia tuberosa
56.┬а ┬а
Grey pansy
Junonia atlites
Hygrophila auriculata
57.┬а ┬а
Chocolate pansy
Junonia iphita
Barleria cristata
58.┬а ┬а
Painted lady
Vanessa cardui
Echinops echinatus
59.┬а ┬а
Black rajah
Charaxes solon
Tamarindus indicus, Pithecellobium dulce
60.┬а ┬а
Anomalous nawab
Charaxes agrarius
Acacia catechu
61.┬а ┬а
Common evening brown
Melanitis leda
Oryza sativa, Sorghum spp.
62.┬а ┬а
Common three-ring
Ypthima asterope
Cynodon dactylon
63.┬а ┬а
Common four-ring
Papilio demoleus
Cynodon dactylon
64.┬а ┬а
Baronet
Symphaedra nais
Diospyros melanoxylon
65.┬а ┬а
Common sailer
Neptis hylas
Desmodium spp.
66.┬а ┬а
Common castor
Ariadne merione
Ricinus communis, Tragia plukenetii
67.┬а ┬а
Tawany coster
Acraea terpsicore
Passiflora foetida, P. incarnata
68.┬а ┬а
Common leopard
Phalanta phalantha
Flacourtia indica
69.┬а ┬а
Plain tiger
Danaus chrysippus
Calotropis gigantea, Pergularia daemia
70.┬а ┬а
Striped tiger
Danaus genutia
Ceropegia bulbosa
71.┬а ┬а
Common Indian crow
Euploea core
Carissa carandas, Nerium oleander
72.┬а ┬а
Blue tiger
Tirumala limniace
Dregea volubilis
73.┬а ┬а
Indian palm bob
Suastus gremius
Cocos nucifera, Phoenix sylvestris
74.┬а ┬а
Rice swift
Borbo cinnara
Cymbopogen spp., Echinochloa colona
75.┬а ┬а
Small branded swift
Pelopidas mathias
Zea mays, Oryaza sativa
76.┬а ┬а
Swift sp.
Parnara sp.
Setaria spp., Oryaza sativa
77.┬а ┬а
Common banded awl
Hasora chromus
Pongamia pinnata
78.┬а ┬а
Brown awl
Badamia exclamationis
Terminalia bellirica
79.┬а ┬а
Indian skipper
Spialia galba
Waltheria indica, Sida spinosa
80.┬а ┬а
Zebra skipper
Ernsta zebra
Melhania futteyporensis
81.┬а ┬а
Pale palm- dart
Telicota colon
Saccharum officinarum
82.┬а ┬а
Spotted small flat
Sarangesa purendra
Lepidagathis trinervis
83.┬а ┬а
Tricolor pied flat
Coladenia indrani
Mallotus phillipensis
Many nectar providing species like Adhatoda vasica, Calotropis gigantea, C. procera, Salvia spp., Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia caducifolia, Eharatia laevis, Clerodendron phlamoides, Asclepias curassavica, Buddleia davidii, Vernonia spp., Zinnia spp., Lavender, Marigold, Sunflower, Daisy, Dandelion, Tridex procumbens, Leucas aspera, Anisomeles indica, Leonotis nepetiifolia, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis etc. are also planted in beds and pots to attract the butterflies to feed.
Like butterfly park, other thematic parks like climber park, bush park (shrubbery), euphorbia park, ficus park, ziziphus park, grass park (grassetum), bamboo park (bambusetum), fern park (fernery), rose park (rosery), orchid park (orchidarium) etc. should be developed and maintained regularly for awareness and nature education.┬а
Ramgarh crater is a prominent meteorite impact crater, located on the Vindhyan Plateau near Ramgarh village in Baran District, southeastern Rajasthan. Geologically significant, the crater spans a forested region, now managed under the jurisdiction of the Kishanganj Forest Range, Baran Forest Division. Earlier, this area was managed as a territorial forest but now has been declared as a Conservation Reserve by the Government of Rajasthan through notification F/4(12)/Forest/2017, dated March 3, 2023. The details of forest blocks and area is given below in the Table 1.
Table 1: Area details of Ramgarh Conservation Reserve.
S. No.
Forest Block
Forest Land Category
Area (ha)
1
Ramgarh
Protected Forest
1440.50
2
Kunji Suwans
Protected Forest
2368.34
Total
3808.84
The area is important from history, culture, archeology, geology and forestry point of view. Historically, apex predators such as the tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (Panthera pardus) were once reported in the region, though they are now locally extinct.
Figure 1: View of the Dhonk (Anogeissus pendula) forest on eastern inner hill slope and Butea monosperma dominated forest in foothills (photo taken from ruins of the Bhand Deora).
The present-day mammalian fauna includes the Northern Plains Langur (Semnopithecus entellus), Indian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa), Jungle Cat (Felis chaus), Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica), Grey Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii), Ruddy Mongoose (H. smithii), Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Golden Jackal (Canis aureus aureus), Indian Hare (Lepus nigricollis), Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica), House Shrew (Suncus murinus), Five-striped Squirrel (Funambulus pennantii), Indian Gerbil (Tatera indica), and Indian Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis). The area also supports a rich assemblage of avifauna, reptiles, butterflies, and moths.
Figure 2: A juvenile Bengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis) (photographed at the eastern bank of Pushkar Talab on July 15, 2025).
Ramgarh Crater is equally notable for its architectural and spiritual heritage. Noteworthy sites include the Ramgarh Fort, Bhand Deora temple complex, Harchand Ji Ki Chhatri, Annapurna and Krishnai Mata Ji Temples, Kachkaran Ki Baori, Brahm Chetan Kund, and Ramgarh Mata Temple. Several water bodies, such as Nola, Pushkar Talab (Pokhar), Bada Talab (Ramgarh Talab), and Mala Ki Talai, dot the crater landscape. According to oral histories, rulers of Kota State once frequented Mala Ki Talai for royal hunting expeditions (Dr. Madhusudan Vaishnaw, pers. comm., June 20, 2024).
Figure 3: View of Pushkar Talab as seen from the vantage point behind the ruins of the Bhand Deora Temple.
Significantly, Pushkar Talab within the Ramgarh Crater has been designated as one of the 44 тАШNotified WetlandsтАЩ by the Government of Rajasthan, highlighting its ecological importance and hydrological value within the regional landscape.
The broader Hadoti region is relatively well-documented for its prehistoric rock art and unique geological specialties (Abbas, 2021; Nagar et al., 2017; Pandey et al., 2024). However, the Ramgarh Crater, despite its ecological and cultural significance, has received limited focused scientific attention (Aswathi et al., 2012). Floristic studies covering the broader Hadoti zone are available (Sharma, 2002), and a comprehensive overview of the vegetation across Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, and Baran districts is provided in тАЬThe Flora of RajasthanтАЭ (Sharma, 2022). However, a dedicated botanical inventory specifically focused on the Ramgarh Crater remains absent.
Figure 4: Ruins of the Bhand Deora Shiva Temple. The upper section shows the remains of the sanctum (Garbhagriha); the bottom left displays the outer wall of the sanctum, while the bottom right depicts scattered architectural remnants lying behind the Garbhagriha.
To address this gap, extensive floristic surveys were conducted between 2023 and July 2025. These investigations aimed to document the floral diversity of the crater across different seasons and provide foundational data for future ecological and conservation assessments.
Table 2: Dicot flora of Ramgarh crater
S.N.
Family
Latin name of plant
H*
Location
Status
Remark
1
Annonaceae
Annona squamosa
S
Near eastern bank of Pushkar Talab
Less common
Growing in patches
2
Monispermaceae
Cissampelos pareira
┬а
TS
Growing among bushes
Relatively common
┬а
Tinospora cordifolia
CS
Climbing on Prosopis juliflora
Relatively common
Hanging assimilatory roots are visible here and there
Cocculus hirsutus
SS
Growing among bushes
Relatively common
3
Nymphoeaceae
Nymphoea nauchali
H
Bada talab and Puskar Talab
Common
4
Nelumbonaceae
Nelumbo nucifera
H
Bada Talab
Common
Growing towards shore area
5
Papaveraceae
Argemone mexicana
H
Downstream of Bada Talab
Common
6
Capparaceae
Capparis decidua
S/ST
Dotted everywhere in open well drained pockets
Common
C. sepiaria
┬а
SS
Dotted everywhere
Common
Crateva odansonii
T
Foot hills
Rare
7
Flacourtiaceae
Flacourtia indica
S/ST
Dotted
Less common
8
Malvaceae
Abutilon indicum
┬а
US
Dotted
Less common
Hibiscus caesius
┬а
H
Dotted among bushes
Relatively common
Become visible after monsoon season when it flowers
H. micranthus
S
Dotted
Less common
9
Sterculiaceae
Sterculia urens
T
Upper reaches of the hills
Rare
10
Tiliaceae
Corchorus aestuans
H
Near Bada Talab
Less common
C. capsularis
┬а
H
Near Bada Talab
Less common
C tridens
H
Near Bada Talab
Less common
Grewia flavescens
S
Growing below the Anogeissus pendula crop
Less common
G. tenax
S
A bush of stony area
Less common
11
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis corniculate
H
Edges of both the water bodies
Abundant
12
Rutaceae
Aegle marmelos
T
Seen in valley area
Less common
13
Simaroubaceae
Ailanthus excelsa
T
On the way to Ramgarh Mata temple
Rare
Visible from distance owing to large sized leaves
14
Balanitaceae
Balanites aegyptiaca
T
Soil erosion prone compact areas
Common
A species which suckers profusely
15
Burseraceae
Boswellia serrata
T
Upper reaches
Less common
16
Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica
┬а
┬а
┬а
┬а
T
Growing among bushes
near Goshala
Less common
Melia azedarach
T
Near Goshala
Rare
17
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus glabrata
T
Dotted
Less common
Z. mauritiana
T
Dotted
Less common
Z. nummularia
S
Dotted along the road
Less common
Z. xylophyrus
Dotted on hill slopes
Less common
18
Vitaceae
Cayratia carnosa
C
Climbing straight on the thick-stemmed trees like Madhuca indica
Common
A rainy season plant. Starts appearing before onset of monsoon. It perennates through its beaded or moniliform roots
19
Sapindaceae
Cardiospermum helicacabum
C
Among bushes
Common
A rainy season plant
20
Anacardiaceae
Lannea coromadelica
┬а
T
Present from upper reaches to foothills.
Common
Also seen growing on ancient buildings of temples and fort.
Mangifera indica
T
Eastern edge of Pushkar Talab and near Goshala
Grow in groves
21
Moringaceae
Moringa oleifera
T
Dotted
Less common
22
Fabaceae
Abrus precatorius
TH
Among bushes
Common
Alysicarpus vaginalis
H
Growing as ground flora
Common
Butea
monosperma
T
Foot hills
Abundant
Growing as 5/E5– Butea Forest in the area.
Clitoria ternatea
TH
Growing among the bushes near spillover of Bada Talab
Less common
Crotalaria medicagenia
H
Open areas
Common
A rainy season plant
Desmodinm triflorum
H
Creeping here and there on the ground floor
Common
Galactia tenuiflora
TH
Among bushes near Bhand Deora and eastern bank of Pushkar Talab
Relatively common
Indigofera linifolia
H
Quite visible during monsoon and post monsoon period
Common
I. linnaei
H
Quite visible during monsoon and post monsoon period
Common
Mucuna prurita
TH
Visible during monsoon and post monsoon period
Common
Rhynchosia minima
TH
Among bushes
Common
Tephrosia villosa
US
During rainy season becomes visible in open areas
Less common
T. purpurea
H
During rainy season becomes visible in open areas
Less common
23
Caesalpiniaceae
Bauhinia racemosa
┬а
┬а
┬а
T
On the way to Ramgarh Mata temple and near eastern bank of Pushkar Talabs
Rare
Cassia fistula
T
Near eastern bank of Pushkar Talabs
Rare
Cassia pumila
┬а
H
Open areas
Less common
Cassia sophera / Senna sophera
┬а
S
Near eastern Ghat of Pushkar Talab. Growing under the shade of Madhuca indica
Less common
Grow in patches
Cassia tora/ Senna tora
┬а
H
Grow in open area
Common
C. uniflora/ Senna uniflora
H
Open area
Common
This species is spreading at fasti pace
Tamarindus indica
T
Near eastern edge of Pushkar talab
Rare
24
Mimosaceae
Acacia catechu
┬а
T
Hill slopes
Common
A. leucophloea
T
Hill slopes (where degradation is prevailing) and foot hills. Visible along the sides of whole road net work
Common
A. nilotica indica
┬а
T
Foothills and road side ditches
Less common
Dichrostachys cinerea
S
Foothills and lower slopes
Less common
Mimosa himalayna
┬а
S
Road sides
Less common
Prosopis juliflora
T
Whole valley and foot hills are badly affected
Abundant
25
Combretaceae
Anogeissus pendula / Terminalia pendula
T
A dominant species luxuriantly growing on hill slopes and foot-hills.
Abundant
Making 5/E1 and 5/E/DS1 forest types on hill slopes and stoney foot hills
26
Myrtaceae
Syzygium cumini
T
Near Goshala
Rare
27
Onagraceae
Ludwigia adscendens
H
Bada Talab
Less common
28
Trapaceae
Trapa natans
H
Pushkar and Bada Talab waters
Common
29
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis melo var. agrestis
C
On the walls of Bhand Deora
Less common
Rainy season plant
Diplocyclos palmatus
┬а
H
Among bushes
Common during rainy season
Rainy season plant
Luffa acutangula
┬а
C
Among bushes
Less common
Rainy season plant
L. echinata
C
Among bushes
Common
Rainy season plant
Momordica charantia
C
Among bushes
Common
Rainy season plant
M. dioica
C
Among bushes
Less common
A dioicous plant of rainy season. Start appearing before on set of monsoons through the underground tubers
Trichosanthes cucumeriana
C
Among bushes
Abundant
Rainy season plant
30
Cactaceae
Opuntia elatior
S
On the way to Bhand Deora
Less common
Havily naturalize in many pockets of Baran district
31
Aizoaceae
Trianthema portulacastrum
H
Quite visible during rainy season in open areas
Common
32
Rubiaceae
Borreria articularis
H
Visible during rainy season on forest floor
Common
B. pusila
┬а
H
Visible during rainy season on forest floor
Less common
Mitraguna parvifolia
T
Hill slopes and foot hills
Less common
33
Asteraceae
Ageratum conyzoides
H
Bordering area of Pushkar Talab and Bada Talab
Common
A haustonianum
H
Bordering area of Pushkar Talab and Bada Talab
Less common
Bidens biternata
┬а
H
Open areas and old buildings
Common
Caesulia axillaris
H
Bordering Bada Talab
Less common
Echinops eclinatus
┬а
H
Near Bhand Deora and at many places along the road
Less common
Eclipta prostorey
H
Bordering Bada Talab
Less common
Parthenium hysterophorus
H
Occupying open places
Abundant
Tridax procumbens
┬а
H
Open areas and road side
Abundant
Vernonia cineria
H
Open areas
Less common
Xanthium strumarium
H
Road sides
Common
34
Sapotaceae
Madhuca indica
┬а
┬а
┬а
┬а
┬а
┬а
T
Present near the eastern shore of Pushkar Talab
Growing singly and in groves
Manilkara hexandra
T
Few trees dotted in the area
Rare
35
Ebenaceae
Diospyros cordifolia
┬а
T
Dotted in foot hills
Less common
D. melanoxylon
T
Doted in foot hills & lower hill slopes
Less common
36
Apocynaceae
Carissa spinarum
┬а
S
Near Bhand Deora
Rare
Catharanthus pasillus
┬а
H
Grow in open areas during rainy season
Common
Wrightia tinctoria
T
Hill slopes
Rare
37
Asclepiadacace
Calotropis procera
┬а
S
Open area along the road
Less common
Oxystelma secamone
TH
Downstream of Bada Talab
Less common
Pergularia daemia
TU
Among bushes
Less common
Wattakaka volubilis
TS
Dotted
Rare
Climbing on trees
38
Priplocaceae
Cryptostegia grandiflora
SS
Down stream of the Bada Talab
Rare
Hemidesmus indicus
SU
Dotted here and there on the forest floor
Rare
39
Ehretiaceae
Cordia dichotoma
T
Near eastern edge of Pushkar Talab
Less common
Ehretia laevis
T
Dotted
Less common
40
Convolvulaceae
Evolvulus alsinoides
H
Open areas
Less common
E. nummularius
┬а
┬а
H
Bordering both water bodies
common
Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa
S
Eastern shore of Bada Talab
Common
I. dichora
┬а
TH
Dotted among the bushes during rainy season
Common
I. nil
TH
Can be seen among the bushes during rainy season
Common
I. obscura
TH
Grow among bushes during rainy season
Common
I. pes-tigridis
TH
Grow among bushes during rainy season
Common
Merramia emarginata
H
Bordering shore zone of both the water bodies
Common
Rivea hypoaraterifornis
CH
Growing among the bushes
Less common
41
Cascutaceae
Cuscuta chinensis
┬а
H
A parasite on herbs and shrubs
Less common
C. reflexa
H
Near Bhand Deora
Less common
42
Solanaceae
Datur innoxia
┬а
S
Near Bhand Deora
Less common
D. stramonium
┬а
H
Near Bhand Deora
Rare
Solanum xanthocarpum
H
Along the road leading to Ramgarh Mata temple
Less common
43
Scrophulariaceae
Bacopa monnieri
┬а
┬а
H
Edges of both the ponds
Common
Lindenbergia muraria
H
Fort wall
Less common
Verbascum chinense
H
Walls of Bhand deora
Less common
44
Bignoniaceae
Oroxylum indicum
T
Seen 2 trees and their many suckers in Shobhagpura village towards southern outskirts of the crater
Rare (?)
(This species is included here on the authority of the local villagers)
Villagers were of opinion that the seeds were brought from crater area and sown in the agriculture field. Locally the species is called Muwasa
45
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum mulayanum
H
Can be seen during rains in open areas
Common
46
Martyniaceae
Martynia annua
H
Grow in patches in open area
Less common
Being grazing hardy plan remain undamaged and all the fruits drop below the mother plant after maturation. All fallen seeds germinate during next rain making a clump
47
Acanthaceae
Aahatoda zeylanica
┬а
┬а
┬а
S
Making extensive thickets in foothill zone
Abundant
A grazing hardy species occupying most of foot hill area
Barleria prionits
┬а
US
Seen along the road sides
Less common
Elytraria aculis
┬а
H
Common under Capparis sepiaria and Anogeissuspendula
Very common
Indoneesiella echioides
H
Seen on the walls of Bhand devra
Less Common
Grow on the walls as ruderal species. Also grow in rocky areas. Remains visible only during monsoon season
Justicia procumbens
H
Quite visible during rains
Common
Peristrophe paniculata
H
Quite visible during rains
Abundant
48
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara
┬а
┬а
S
Invasive in the foot hill zone
Common
Phyla nodiflora
H
Banks of both the water bodies
Less common
49
Lamiaceae
Leucos aspera
H
Open area during rainy season
Less common
50
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa
H
Open grassy patches
Common
51
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes aspera
H
Affected whole foothills. Also growing as ruderal species
Abundant
Digera muricata
┬а
┬а
H
Grassy patches during rains
Less common
Pupalia lappacea
H
Grow among bushes during rains
Less common
52
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium murale
H
Grow in moist areas during winter
Less common
53
Polygonaceae
Polygonum glabrum
H
Wet edges of both the ponds
Less common
P. plebeium
┬а
H
Drying edges of both the ponds
Less common
Rumex dentatus
H
Grow in moist areas during the winter
Common
54
Euphorbiaceae
Baliospermum montanum
┬а
H
Below the Mahuwa and mango trees
Less common
Chrozophora rottleri
H
Drying bed of the ponds
Less common
Euphorbia hirta
H
Dotted
Common
E. heyneana
H
Dotted
Common
Jatropha gossypifolia
S
near Goshala
Less common
Kirganelia reticulata
┬а
┬а
SS
Moist-shady places at periphery of both the ponds
Less common
Phyllanthus fraternus
┬а
┬а
H
seen grown on Bhand Deora during rains
Less common
Ricinus communis
┬а
┬а
ST
Seen near eastern shore of Puskar Talab
Rare
Securinega leucopyrus
S
Foot hills
Less common
55
Ulmaceae
Holoptelea integrifolia
T
Dotted
Less common
56
Moraceae
Ficus benghalensis
┬а
┬а
T
Eastern shore of Pushkar Talab. Seen growing as epiphyte also
Less common
F. hispida
┬а
S
Growing in shady wet localities
less common
F. racemosa
┬а
┬а
┬а
T
growing near eastern shore of Pushkar Talab
rare
F. religiosa
┬а
┬а
T
Dotted. Seen growing as epiphyte also
less common
F. virens
┬а
T
seen growing as epiphyte
rare
Table 3: Monocot flora of Ramgarh crater
S.no.
Family
Latin name of plant
H*
Location
Status
Remark
1
Hydrocharitaceae
Hydrilla verticillate
H
Pushkar Talab & Bada Talab
Common
2
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera
TH
Dotted. Visible during rainy season.
Rare
3
Liliaceae
Asparagus racemosus
SU
Dotted among bushes
Common
Urginea indica
H
Dotted in well drained areas
Less common
4
Commelianceae
Commehina benghalensis
H
Common during rainy season on the ground and buildings
Common
C. forskalaei
H
Common during rainy season
Common
5
Arecaceae
Phoenix sylvestris
T
Eastern shore of Pushkar Talab
Less common
6
Lemnaceae
Lemna perpusilla
H
Pushar Talab & Bada Talab
Less common
Spirodela poiyrhiza
H
Pushar Talab & Bada Talab
Common
Wolffia microscopica
H
Pushar Talab & Bada Talab
Common
7
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton pectinatus
H
Pushar Talab & Bada Talab
Less common
8
Crperaceae
Cyperus triceps
H
Growing with grasses
Less common
Fimbristylis falcata
H
Edges of both the ponds
Less common
9
Poaceae
Apluda mutica
┬а
H
Among bushes and below the trees
Abundant
Aristida adscensionis
┬а
H
Open compact soil zone
Common
Arthraxon lanceolatus
┬а
H
Under Mahuwa trees near eastern edge of Pushkar Talab
Less common
A. lancifolius
┬а
H
Under Mahuwa trees near eastern edge of Pushkar Talab under Mahuwa trees
Less common
Bothriochloa pertusa
┬а
H
Growing among bushes
Less common
Brachiaria ramosa
H
Open areas
Common
B. raptans
H
Open areas
Common
Choris dolichostachya
┬а
H
On the walls of Bhand Deora and stony substratum below the Dhok trees
Rare
C. virgata
┬а
H
Open areas and among bushes
Less common
Chrysopogon fulvas
H
Stony-rocky terrain of hill slopes
Less common
Cynodon dactylon
H
Moist open areas and banks of streams towards foothills
Abundant
Dactylocteninum aegyptium
H
Open area
Abundant
Dendrocalamus strictus
S
Upper reaches of southern inner slope
Less common
Growing making small patches (5/E9 Dry Bamboo brakes)
Dicanthium annulatum
H
Growing among the bushes
Less common
Echinachloa colona
H
Edges of both the water bodies
Less common
Eragrostiella bifaria
H
Open stony patches
Less common
E. japonica
H
Open stony patches
Less common
Heteropogon contortus
H
Areas having better soil thickness
Less common
Melanocenchris jacquemonti
H
Compact open area suffering from erosion
Less common
Oplismenus burmannii
H
Shady places under Mahuwa and Mango groves
Common
Oropetium thomaeum
H
Rocky areas covered by thin layer of the soil
Less common
Oryza rufipogon
H
Ditches along the road leading to crater
Less common
Pennisetum orientale
H
Among busses of foothills
Less common
Phalaris minor
H
Wet patches
Less common
A winter season grass
Sehima nervosum
H
Among the bushes
Less common
Setaria verticillata
H
Shady places under Mahuwa and Mango groves
Less common
Sporobolus diander
H
Compact open patches
Less common
S. ioclados
H
Compact open patches
Less common
Tetrapogon tenelus
H
Degraded compact patches
Less common
Vetiveria zizanioides
H
Low lying areas
Less common
* Habit
Tree: T= Tree (Tall, medium sized), ST= Small tree/ Under tree
Figure 5: View of the Shiva temple as seen from the surrounding ruins at Ramgarh Crater.
Summary:
A total of 197 vascular plant species belonging to 65 families and 156 genera were documented during floristic surveys conducted between 2023 and July 2025. summary of the various taxa recorded during the present study is depicted below:
Table 4: Summary of Taxa
S. No.
Class
No. of Families
No. of Genera
No. of Species
1
Dicotyledons
56
119
154
2
Monocotyledons
9
37
43
Total
65
156
197
Figure 6: Variations in Dhonk (Anogeissus pendula) forest growth forms observed at Ramgarh Crater.
Main Forest Types:
Many forest types are confined to Ramgarh crater. Tropical dry deciduous forests are prevailing in the area. The biggest forest type of the area is 5/E1– Anogeissus forest which is present on inner and outer slopes of the crater ring. Due to heavy anthropogenic pressure, degradation is seen on the slopes, especially towards outer slopes and 5/E1 тАУ forest has converted into 5/E/DS1–Anogeissus scrub at places. The 5/E5– Butea forests is present in the тАШbowlтАЩ of the hilly ring. Once 5/E9 тАУ Dry Bamboo brakes were prominent in the area but due to anthropogenic pressure, bamboo forest is under pressure. Still a beautiful patch of bamboo forest is present towards the upper reaches of inner face (northern aspect) in southern direction between Krishnayan Mata Ji and Brhamchaten Kund. This is not a pure patch of Dendrocalamius strictus but it is growing inter mixed with Anogeissus pendula(Terminaliapendula). Northern aspect remains more moist than southern aspect. Due to this moisture difference, northern aspect of southern part of the ring is supporting luxuriant bamboo growth.
Various storeyfication (stratification) patterns are observed across different forest types and localities within this region. The vertical structure of the forest near the eastern shore of Pushkar Talab, particularly near the Pucca Ghat area, is characterized by the following stratification pattern:
Table 5: Storeyfication in Butea dominated foothill forest.
Density, species diversity, and vertical stratification are more pronounced in the lower zones, where deeper soils and better moisture availability create favourable conditions for vegetation growth, as indicated in Table 5. In contrast, the upper zones, characterized by shallower soils and limited moisture, exhibit comparatively lower species diversity and simpler forest structure. This pattern is particularly evident in the bamboo-dominated forest located in the upper hill slopes, as detailed in Table 6.
Table 6: Vegetation stratification in Bamboo forests on the upper hill reaches
The Ramgarh Crater region historically supported a diverse range of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Sahariya, the local tribals were more dependent on this resource for their livelihood. In earlier times, the Butea monosperma-dominated forests were a major source of foliage used to make biodegradable leaf plates (pattals) and bowls (daunas). With the advent of disposable plastic and paper alternatives, this traditional practice has significantly declined. Butea flowers were also collected seasonally for their cultural and medicinal significance.
Even today, Cassia tora seeds and tuberous roots of Asparagus racemosus are harvested during the post-monsoon season by Sahariyas and other local (landless) residents and sold in regional markets, particularly in Shyopur Mandi (Rajasthan-Madhya Pradesh border), where demand for NTFPs remains high.
Bamboo was an important natural product of forest which was harvested by Sahariyas to prepare various handicraft items, especially to make different types of baskets. People say, that during ancient time, thick bamboo growth was present in the foothill but now this forest has disappeared in a large chunk of land and area has been occupied by Prosopis juliflora. Local тАЬBassedaтАЭ Community is well known in basketry activities. Before the тАШera of Liquified Petroleum GasтАЩ, fuel wood for cooking was collected by local tribals and other community from the crater forests.
Once, this area was well known for its Acacia catechu forests. Khirwa community of Hathiyadeh and Karvary villages used to extract Katha (Cutch) from Khair trees and used to trade in Madhya Pradesh. This practice, once economically significant, is now extinct.
Another traditional use involved the harvesting of Adhatoda zeylanica stems and branches, which were dried and used under terracotta roof tiles (khaprel) in rural Kuccha homes. This practice unintentionally regulated the growth of this hardy shrub. As modern roofing materials have replaced clay tiles, unchecked growth of Adhatoda has been observed in many patches.
Oral histories also report that several тАШPanwadiтАЩ (betel leaf cultivation units) were historically active near the ponds within the crater. However, betel leaf production has now ceased entirely.
Acknowledgements:
We thank Sh. R.K. Khairwa, IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests; Sh. Aporva Shrivastava, IFS, Dy. CF.; Sh. Anil Yadav, RFS, Dy. CF.; Sh. Deepak Kumar Gautam, Forest Range Officer and Sh. Deepak Sharma, Forest Range Officer for assistance and support during the course of study.
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