Bansyal- Khetri – Bagor Conservation Reserve is situated in Khetri tehsil of Jhunjhunu district in Rajasthan state. It was notified as a Conservation Reserve by the Government of Rajasthan through notification number F3 (13) Forest/2016, dated April 10, 2018 under the Section 36A of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Area of Khetri-48, a Protected Forest block of Jhunjhunu Forest Division is included in this conservation reserve. Area of the reserve is 3966.654 ha.
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а Once, hills of the area were clade by the dense Anogeissus pendula forest (5B/E1Forest) but due to heavy biotic pressure, Anogeissus pendula has reached in its degraded form at most of the places and now instead of 5B/E1Forest it has acquired the shape of 5B/E1/DS1 Anogeissus scrub. Two types of forests are confined to the area namely, 5B-Northern tropical dry deciduous forests and 6B- Northern tropical thorn forests. Many subtypes of these two major types of forests are present in the area (Hudda, 2019). A list of present main subtypes of the forests is given below:
Table 1: Forest types of the area
S. No.
Major forest type
General edaphic type
General degradation type
Seral type
1
5B тАУ Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
C2 тАУ Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest
5B/E1/DS1 тАУ Anogeissus scrub
DS1 тАУ Dry deciduous scrub
DS3 тАУ Euphorbia scrub
DS4 тАУ Dry grassland
2
6B тАУ Northern Tropical Thorn Forests
C1 тАУ Desert Thorn Forests
E1 тАУ Acacia senegal forest
E4 тАУ Salvadora scrub
E1/DS1/IS1 тАУ Desert dune forest and desert dune scrub
DS1 тАУ Ziziphus scrub
DS2 тАУ Tropical Euphorbia scrub
Environment condition:
This area is prone to aridity as rainfall is low, varying from 350mm to 450 mm per annum. Perennial streams and rivers are missing in the area. Winters are severe over here and temperature falls as low as 0┬░C. to -3┬░C. Summers are hot and temperature rises up to 45┬░C to 47┬░C.
Few planted rarities:
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а Chirani forest nursery is close to the area. Two Mahogani (Swietenia mahogani) trees are present in the nursery which are 20-25 years old. Four Mopane (Colophospermum mopane) trees are also present in this nursery. These planted rarities should be protected.
Wild animals:
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а Bansyal- Khetri- Bagor Conservation Reserve is an abode of many mammalian species like Northern plains Langur (Semnopithecus entellus), Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii), Common leopard (Panthera pardus), Jungle cat (Felis chaus), Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), Grey mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii), Striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena), Grey wolf (Canis lupus), Golden jackal (C. aureus), Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis), Desert fox (V. v. pusilla), Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis), House shrew (Suncus murinus), Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), Five- striped squirreal (Funanbulus pennantii), Indian desert jird (Meriones hurrianae), Indian long тАУ tailed tree mouse (Vandeleuria oleracea) etc. Once tiger (Panthera tigris) and its main prey base Sambar (Rusa unicolor) were common in the hilly forested area but now tiger has gone and common leopard has become an apex predator. Till 2010, a small population of Sambar was present in the forest area but now their numbers are decreasing. Forest Department should start Sambar restoration plan in the area. This is the SambarтАЩs western most gene pool of Rajasthan.
The gaps in knowledge of local flora:
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а Information about floral diversity of forests of Jhunjhunu district can be had from the working plan of the district (Rathore, 2012) but┬а┬а Bansyal- Khetri- Bagor Conservation Reserve was not in existence at the time of starting of this working plan. Hence, no specific information is available in this working plan about the conservation reserve. Hudda (2019) has prepared the first management plan of this conservation reserve but information about floral diversity is very scanty in this plan. Therefore, to bridge this gap, present study was done.
Scrub-covered hill slopes of the BansyalтАУKhetriтАУBagor landscape, representing northern tropical thorn and dry deciduous vegetation shaped by low rainfall and shallow rocky soils. Image: Praveen
Methodology
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а Area was visited many times from 2018 to 2025. Three season field surveys were done during winters, summers and rains to list the flora. Help of existing floras (Bhandri, 1990; Shetty and Singh, 1987,1991,1993) were taken to identify the plant species in the field. To identify the grass flora, special surveys were done late in the monsoon season when grasses are found in flowering stage. Rainy season was found very useful to record the tuberous and ephemeral species. During rainy season, aerial parts of tuberous species become visible and field identification also become easy. Help of local forest field staff was taken to prob the area.
Flora of Bansyal- Khetri- Bagor Conservation Reserve:
┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а┬а The findings of the surveys are presented below:
Table 2: Dicot flora of Bansyal- Khetri- Bagor Conservation Reserve
S. No.
Family
Scientific name
Habit*
1
Menispermaceae
Cissampelos pareira
TS
Tinospora cordifolia
CS
Cocculus hirsutus
SS
Cocculus pendulus
SS
2
Papaveraceae
Argemone mexicana
H
3
Fumariaceae
Fumaria indica
H
4
Cleomaceae
Cleome gynandra
H
5
Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium irio
H
6
Capparaceae
Capparis decidua
S / ST
Capparis sepiaria
SS
Crateva odora
T
Maerua oblongifolia
S
7
Caryophyllaceae
Polycarpaea corymbosa
H
8
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea
H
9
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix aphylla
T
10
Flacourtiaceae
Flacourtia indica
S / ST
11
Malvaceae
Abutilon indicum
US
Abutilon ramosum
S
Hibiscus caesius
H
Hibiscus micranthus
H
Malvastrum coromandelianum
H
Sida acuta
US
Sida cordata
H
Sida cordifolia
US
12
Sterculiaceae
Melhania futteyporensis
US
Sterculia urens
T
Waltheria indica
H
13
Tiliaceae
Corchorus aestuans
H
Corchorus depressus
H
Corchorus tridens
H
Corchorus trilocularis
H
Grewia damine
S
Grewia flavescens
S
Grewia tenax
S
Triumfetta pentandra
H
14
Zygophyllaceae
Tribulus terrestris
H
15
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis corniculata
H
16
Rutaceae
Limonia acidissima
T
17
Simaroubaceae
Ailanthus excelsa
T
18
Balanitaceae
Balanites aegyptiaca
T
19
Burseraceae
Boswellia serrata
T
Commiphora wightii
S
20
Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica
T
Melia azedarach
T
21
Celastraceae
Maytenus senegalensis
T
22
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus glabrata
T
Ziziphus mauritiana
T
Ziziphus nummularia
S
Ziziphus xylopyrus
UT
23
Vitaceae
Cayratia carnosa
C
24
Sapindaceae
Cardiospermum halicacabum
C
25
Anacardiaceae
Lannea coromandelica
T
Rhus mysorensis
S
26
Moringaceae
Moringa concanensis
T
Moringa oleifera
T
27
Fabaceae
Abrus precatorius
TH
Alhagi maurorum
S
Alysicarpus vaginalis
H
Butea monosperma
T
Clitoria ternatea
TH
Crotalaria burhia
H
Crotalaria medicaginea
H
Desmodium triflorum
H
Indigofera linifolia
H
Indigofera linnaei
H
Melilotus alba
H
Melilotus indica
H
Mucuna pruriens
TH
Rhynchosia minima
TH
Tephrosia villosa
US
Tephrosia purpurea
H
Trigonella hamosa
H
28
Caesalpiniaceae
Bauhinia racemosa
T
Cassia auriculata
S
Cassia italica
H
Cassia fistula
T
Cassia pumila
H
Senna tora
H
Tamarindus indica
T
29
Mimosaceae
Acacia catechu
T
Acacia jacquemontii
S
Acacia leucophloea
T
Acacia nilotica
T
Acacia senegal
T
Acacia tortilis
T
Dichrostachys cinerea
S
Mimosa hamata
S
Prosopis juliflora
T
Prosopis cineraria
T
30
Combretaceae
Anogeissus pendula
T
Anogeissus sericea var. nummularia
T
31
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus colocynthis
C
Cucumis melo var. agrestis
C
Cucumis prophetarum
C
Mukia maderaspatana
C
Coccinia grandis
C
Diplocyclos palmatus
H
Luffa acutangula
C
Momordica balsamina
C
Momordica charantia
C
Momordica dioica
C
32
Cactaceae
Opuntia elatior
S
33
Molluginaceae
Mollugo cerviana
H
34
Aizoaceae
Trianthema portulacastrum
H
Zaleya govinda
H
35
Rubiaceae
Borreria articularis
H
Borreria pusilla
H
Mitragyna parvifolia
T
36
Asteraceae
Acanthospermum hispidum
H
Ageratum conyzoides
H
Ageratum houstonianum
H
Bidens biternata
H
Blumea lacera
H
Caesulia axillaris
H
Echinops echinatus
H
Launaea resedifolia
H
Oligochaeta ramosa
H
Parthenium hysterophorus
H
Pulicaria crispa
H
Sonchus asper
H
Tridax procumbens
H
Vernonia cinerea
H
Verbesina encelioides
H
Xanthium strumarium
H
37
Salvadoraceae
Salvadora oleoides
T
Salvadora persica
T
38
Apocynaceae
Catharanthus pusillus
H
Wrightia tinctoria
T
39
Asclepiadaceae
Calotropis procera
S
Ceropegia bulbosa
C
Leptadenia pyrotechnica
S
Pergularia daemia
TU
Pentropis spiralis
C
Wattakaka volubilis
TS
40
Periplocaceae
Cryptostegia grandiflora
SS
Hemidesmus indicus
SU
41
Gentianaceae
Enicostema verticillatum
H
42
Boraginaceae
Arnebia hispidissima
H
Heliotropium bacciferum
H
43
Ehretiaceae
Cordia dichotoma
T
Cordia gharaf
T
Ehretia laevis
T
44
Convolvulaceae
Evolvulus alsinoides
H
Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa
S
Ipomoea coptica
TH
Ipomoea dichroa
TH
Ipomoea nil
TH
Ipomoea obscura
TH
Ipomoea pes-tigridis
TH
Merremia emarginata
H
Rivea hypocrateriformis
CH
45
Cuscutaceae
Cuscuta chinensis
H
Cuscuta reflexa
H
46
Solanaceae
Datura innoxia
H
Lycium barbarum
S
Physalis minima
H
Physalis peruviana
H
Solanum xanthocarpum
H
Solanum nigrum
H
Withania somnifera
US
47
Scrophulariaceae
Kickxia ramosissima
H
Lindenbergia muraria
H
Verbascum chinense
H
48
Bignoniaceae
Tecomella undulata
T
49
Pedaliaceae
Pedalium murex
H
Sesamum indicum
H
Sesamum mulayanum
H
50
Martyniaceae
Martynia annua
H
51
Acanthaceae
Adhatoda zeylanica
S
Barleria prionitis
US
Dipteracanthus patulus
H
Elytraria acaulis
H
Justicia procumbens
H
Peristrophe paniculata
H
52
Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum phlomidis
S
Lantana camara
S
53
Lamiaceae
Leucas aspera
H
Leucas cephalotes
H
Ocimum canum
H
Salvia aegyptiaca
H
54
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa
H
Commicarpus verticillatus
H
55
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes aspera
H
Celosia argentea
H
Digera muricata
H
Pupalia lappacea
H
56
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album
H
Chenopodium murale
H
57
Polygonaceae
Polygonum glabrum
H
Polygonum plebeium
H
Rumex dentatus
H
58
Loranthaceae
Dendrophthoe falcata
S
59
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia caducifolia
S
Euphorbia hirta
H
Euphorbia microphylla
H
Jatropha gossypifolia
S
Phyllanthus fraternus
H
Ricinus communis
ST
Securinega leucopyrus
S
60
Ulmaceae
Holoptelea integrifolia
T
61
Moraceae
Ficus arnottiana
T
Ficus benghalensis
T
Ficus racemosa
T
Ficus religiosa
T
Table 3: Monocot flora of Bansyal- Khetri- Bagor conservation reserve
S. No.
Family
Scientific name
Habit*
1
Hydrocharitaceae
Hydrilla verticillata
H
2
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera
TH
3
Liliaceae
Asphodelus tenuifolius
H
Asparagus racemosus
SU
Dipcadi erythraeum
H
Urginea indica
H
4
Commelinaceae
Commelina benghalensis
H
Commelina erecta
H
Commelina forskalaei
H
Cyanotis cristata
H
5
Arecaceae
Phoenix sylvestris
T
6
Lemnaceae
Lemna perpusilla
H
Spirodela polyrhiza
H
Wolffia microscopica
H
7
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton crispus
H
Potamogeton pectinatus
H
8
Typhaceae
Typha angustata
H
9
Cyperaceae
Cyperus arenarius
H
Cyperus atkinsonii
H
Cyperus difformis
H
Cyperus iria
H
Cyperus rotundus
H
Cyperus triceps
H
Eleocharis atropurpurea
H
Fimbristylis barbata
H
Fimbristylis tenera
H
Scirpus roylei
H
10
Poaceae
Apluda mutica
H
Aristida adscensionis
H
Aristida funiculata
H
Arthraxon lanceolatus
H
Bothriochloa pertusa
H
Brachiaria ramosa
H
Brachiaria raptans
H
Cenchrus biflorus
H
Cenchrus ciliaris
H
Cenchrus setigerus
H
Chloris barbata
H
Chloris virgata
H
Chrysopogon fulvus
H
Cymbopogon martinii
H
Cymbopogon jwarancusa
H
Cynodon dactylon
H
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
H
Dactyloctenium sindicum
H
Desmostachya bipinnata
H
Dichanthium annulatum
H
Digitaria pennata
H
Echinochloa colona
H
Eleusine coracana
H
Eragrostis ciliaris
H
Eragrostis minor
H
Eragrostis tenella
H
Heteropogon contortus
H
Melanocenchris jacquemontii
H
Oplismenus burmannii
H
Oropetium thomaeum
H
Panicum antidotale
H
Panicum turgidum
H
Perotis indica
H
Phragmites karka
H
Saccharum bengalense
H
Saccharum spontaneum
H
Sehima nervosum
H
Setaria verticillata
H
Sporobolus diander
H
Sporobolus ioclados
H
Sorghum halepense
H
Stipagrostis plumosa
H
Tetrapogon tenellus
H
Tetrapogon villosus
H
Tragus roxburghii
H
Urochloa panicoides
H
Vetiveria zizanioides
H
* Habit
Tree: ┬аT= Tree (Tall, medium sized), ST= Small tree/ Under tree
According to most experts, it is becoming increasingly evident that human-wildlife conflict is on the rise. Almost every other day, ┬аshocking videos and photographs of tiger attacks proliferate all over the media. There seems to be an overall consensus over the fact that conflict between humans and wildlife is increasing rapidly. However, no one ever bothers to ask that while the numbers of tigers and leopards have come down from the lakhs to the thousands, and with current populations only a meagre 5-10% of their erstwhile numbers, why is there an elevation in human-wildlife conflict? Some answer that given the exponential rise in the population of humans, perhaps the tiger’s prey base has also reduced, hence an increase in attacks. Well, let’s see what historical┬аrecords have to tell┬аus.
Rudyard Kipling, by John Collier, ca.1891. Despite changing times and outlooks, Kipling is still synonymous with the Indian jungle as a result of the popularity of The Jungle Book, adaptations of which continue to be immortalized in film.
One of the more unique historical records of human-wildlife conflict, was found in the town of Bundi in Rajasthan, and it ┬аwas written by none other than the celebrated Victorian era British author and poet, Rudyard Kipling. Kipling was in fact, born in India.┬аHe also received the Nobel Prize for Literature at the relatively young age of 41, and is still the youngest individual to have ever won the prize. Most are familiar with his collection of fictional stories titled “The┬аJungle Book” , centered around a protagonist named Mowgli, and his interactions with different kinds of anthropomorphic wildlife in the central Indian jungle.
Kipling described his observations of the number of victims of tiger attacks recorded in a Bundi dispensary, all the while sparing the reader none of his trademark wit. He wrote that between 1887 -1889, he travelled through many parts of India, including Rajasthan, and whilst walking down a street in Bundi one afternoon, someone suddenly called out to him in “rusty” English, “Come, and see my dispensary”.
Bundi in the present. (Photo: Dr. Dharmendra Khandal)
This came as a bit of a shock to Kipling, for at the time, the only people said to be conversant in English in the whole town were two teachers at a local school. The unprecedented third, was a local doctor who had studied 20 years previously at the Lahore Medical College, and ran a charitable dispensary. However, the good doctor’s proficiency in English was not that of a first language speaker. The doctor proceeded to describe the different kinds of patients that visited him, and how his 16 bed dispensary functioned. According to Kipling, there was a crowd of some 25 -30 people, and he approved of the dispensary. The dispensary’s patient records were also written in English, where none of the ailments were spelled correctly (“Asthama, Numonia, Skindiseas, Dabalaty”), but also contained figures under a rather curious heading, “Loin-bite”. When Kipling asked the doctor what he meant by this, the latter responded in Hindi, “Sher se mara” (Kipling was fluent in Hindi, it was believed to be his first language). Following which Kipling humorously commented, ” it was ‘lion bite’ or tiger, if you insist upon zoological accuracy”. Both tigers, and leopards could have been behind the attacks, the chances of a lion being very slim for obvious reasons.┬аAccording to Kipling, tigers used to injure approximately 3-4 people in Bundi every week.┬аToday, this figure dwarfs the current figure for the entire state of Rajasthan, and bear in mind, this was just a small town.
It appears that as a consequence of the easy availability of cameras, and smartphones, an increasing number of videos and photographs of cases of human-wildlife conflict are rapidly proliferating in the media. Where there are humans and wildlife, conflict is inevitable, ┬аto learn the art of living with it is necessary. Indians, it must be said, know this art relatively well.
Today the jungles of Bundi have become tigerless, but the government is now paying attention to the area, and seeks to prepare it for the tiger’s return.┬аWith the unprecedented success of the adjacent Ranthambore Tiger Reserve, the residents of Bundi have also become aware of the benefits of tourism revenue, and eagerly await new tigers.
References:
Rudyard Kipling. (1899).тАЬThe Comedy of Errors and the Exploitation of Boondi,тАЭ in┬аFrom Sea to Sea; Letters of Travel, vol. 1 (New York: Doubleday & McClure Company), 151.
Authors:
Dr. Dharmendra Khandal (L)┬аhas worked as a conservation biologist with Tiger Watch – a non-profit organisation based in Ranthambhore, for the last 16 years. He spearheads all anti-poaching, community-based conservation and exploration interventions for the organisation.
Mr. Ishan Dhar (R) is a researcher of political science in a think tank. He has been associated with Tiger Watch’s conservation interventions in his capacity as a member of the board of directors.
Cover photo caption & credit: Human-wildlife conflict is as old as mankind itself. A revealing cave painting from Bundi. (Photo: Dr. Dharmendra Khandal)
Mondal, K., Gupta, S. , Bhattacharjee, S., Qureshi, Q. and K. Sankar. (2012). Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopard Panthera pardus (Mammalia: Carnivora) and re-introduced tiger Panthera tigris (Mammalia: Carnivora) in a semi-arid forest of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India, Italian Journal of Zoology, 79:4, 607-616.
Sankar, K., Qureshi, Q., Nigam, P., Malik, PK., Sinha, PR., Mehrotra, RN., Gopal, R., Bhattacharjee, S., Mondal, K. and S. Gupta. 2010. Monitoring of reintroduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India: Preliminary findings on home range, prey selection and food habits. J. Trop. Conserv. Sci., 3(3): 301-318
Bhardwaj, G. S., Selvi, G., Agasti, S., Kari, B., Singh, H., Kumar, A. and Reddy G.V. 2020. Study on kill pattern of re-introduced tigers, demonstrating increased livestock preference in human dominated Sariska tiger reserve, India. SCIREA Journal of Biology. 5(2): 20-39